{"product_id":"medical-statistics-9781119423645","title":"Medical Statistics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Uses and Abuses of Medical Statistics 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Why Use Statistics? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Statistics is About Common Sense and Good Design 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 How a Statistician Can Help 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Displaying and Summarising Data 9\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Types of Data 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Summarising Categorical Data 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Displaying Categorical Data 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Summarising Continuous Data 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Displaying Continuous Data 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Within-Subject Variability 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Presentation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Points When Reading the Literature 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Technical Details 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Exercises 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Summary Measures for Binary Data 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Summarising Binary and Categorical Data 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Points When Reading the Literature 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Exercises 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Probability and Distributions 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Types of Probability 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Binomial Distribution 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Poisson Distribution 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Probability for Continuous Outcomes 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The Normal Distribution 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Reference Ranges 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Other Distributions 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Points When Reading the Literature 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Technical Section 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Exercises 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Populations, Samples, Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Populations 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Samples 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Standard Error 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Central Limit Theorem 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Standard Errors for Proportions and Rates 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Standard Error of Differences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Confidence Intervals for an Estimate 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Confidence Intervals for Differences 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Points When Reading the Literature 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Technical Details 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Exercises 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Hypothesis Testing, P-values and Statistical Inference 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Null Hypothesis 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The Main Steps in Hypothesis Testing 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Using Your P-value to Make a Decision About Whether to Reject, or Not Reject, Your Null Hypothesis 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Statistical Power 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 One-sided and Two-sided Tests 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Confidence Intervals (CIs) 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Large Sample Tests for Two Independent Means or Proportions 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Issues with P-values 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Points When Reading the Literature 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Exercises 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Comparing Two or More Groups with Continuous Data 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Comparison of Two Groups of Paired Observations – Continuous Outcomes 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Comparison of Two Independent Groups – Continuous Outcomes 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Comparing More than Two Groups 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Non-Normal Distributions 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Degrees of Freedom 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Points When Reading the Literature 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Technical Details 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Exercises 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Comparing Groups of Binary and Categorical Data 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Comparison of Two Independent Groups – Binary Outcomes 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Comparing Risks 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Comparison of Two Groups of Paired Observations – Categorical Outcomes 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Degrees of Freedom 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Points When Reading the Literature 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Technical Details 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Exercises 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Correlation and Linear Regression 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Correlation 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Linear Regression 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Comparison of Assumptions Between Correlation and Regression 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Multiple Regression 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Correlation is not Causation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Points When Reading the Literature 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Technical Details 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Exercises 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Logistic Regression 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Binary Outcome Variable 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The Multiple Logistic Regression Equation 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conditional Logistic Regression 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Reporting the Results of a Logistic Regression 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Additional Points When Reading the Literature When Logistic Regression Has Been Used 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Technical Details 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 The Wald Test 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Evaluating the Model and its Fit: The Hosmer–Lemeshow Test 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Assessing Predictive Efficiency (1): 2 × 2 Classification Table 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Assessing Predictive Efficiency (2): The ROC Curve 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Investigating Linearity 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Exercises 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Survival Analysis 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Time to Event Data 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Kaplan–Meier Survival Curve 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 The Logrank Test 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 The Hazard Ratio 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Modelling Time to Event Data 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Points When Reading Literature 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Exercises 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Reliability and Method Comparison Studies 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Repeatability 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Agreement 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Validity 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Method Comparison Studies 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Points When Reading the Literature 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Technical Details 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Exercises 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Diagnostic Tests 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Prevalence, Overall Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Positive and Negative Predictive Values 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Effect of Prevalence 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Confidence Intervals 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Functions of a Screening and Diagnostic Test 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Likelihood Ratio, Pre-test Odds and Post-test Odds 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Points When Reading the Literature About a Diagnostic Test 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Exercises 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Observational Studies 265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Risk and Rates 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Taking a Random Sample 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Questionnaire and Form Design 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Cross-sectional Surveys 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Non-randomised Studies 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Cohort Studies 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Case–Control Studies 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Association and Causality 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Modern Causality Methods and Big Data 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Points When Reading the Literature 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Technical Details 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 Exercises 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 The Randomised Controlled Trial 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 The Protocol 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Why Randomise? 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Methods of Randomisation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Design Features 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Design Options 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Meta-analysis 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Checklists for Design, Analysis and Reporting 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Consort 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Points When Reading the Literature About a Trial 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Exercises 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Sample Size Issues 313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Study Size 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Continuous Data 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Binary Data 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Prevalence 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Subject Withdrawals 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Other Aspects of Sample Size Calculations 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Points When Reading the Literature 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Technical Details 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Exercises 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Other Statistical Methods 331\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Analysing Serial or Longitudinal Data 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Poisson Regression 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Missing Data 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Bootstrap Methods 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Points When Reading the Literature 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Exercises 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Meta-analysis 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 What is a Meta-analysis? 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Meta-analysis Methods 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Example: Mobile Phone Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Discussion 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Technical Details 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Exercises 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Common Mistakes and Pitfalls 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Misleading Graphs and Tables 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Plotting Change Against Initial Value 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Within Group Versus Between Group Analyses 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Analysing Paired Data Ignoring the Matching 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Unit of Analysis 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Testing for Baseline Imbalances in an RCT 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Repeated Measures 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Clinical and Statistical Significance 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Post Hoc Power Calculations 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Predicting or Extrapolating Beyond the Observed Range of Data 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Exploratory Data Analysis 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Misuse of P-values 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.14 Points When Reading the Literature 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: Statistical Tables 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolutions to Multiple-Choice Exercises 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 423\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407053365591,"sku":"9781119423645","price":36.05,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119423645.jpg?v=1730498008","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/medical-statistics-9781119423645","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}