{"product_id":"isotopes-9780471384373","title":"Isotopes","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCovering radiogenic, radioactive, and stable isotopes, this comprehensive text contains five sections that present fundamentals of atomic physics; dating methods for terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks by means of radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry of radiogenic isotopes; dating by means of U, Th-series and cosmogenic radionuclides; and the fractionation of the stable isotopes of H, C, N, O, and S, as well as Li, B, Si, and Cl. Additionally, this edition provides:  \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eExpanded coverage of the U-Pb methods the most accurate available dating technique\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplications to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSummaries of the use of isotopic data for study of the oceans\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNew examples from the fields of archeology and anthropology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eRadiation-damage methods of dating including fission tracks, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance (ESR)\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInformation on the dispersal of fission-product radionuclides and the disposal of radioactive waste\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Principles of Atomic Physics 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Nuclear Systematics 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Internal Structure of Atoms 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Origin of the Elements 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Summary 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Decay Modes of Radionuclides 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Beta-Decay 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Alpha-Decay 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Spontaneous and Induced Fission 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Summary 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Radioactive Decay 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Law of Radioactivity 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Radiation Detectors 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Growth of Radioactive Daughters 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Units of Radioactivity and Dosage 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Sources of Environmental Radioactivity 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Nuclear Reactions 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Neutron Activation Analysis 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Summary 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Geochronometry 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Growth of Radiogenic Daughters 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Assumptions for Dating 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fitting of Isochrons 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Summary 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Radiogenic Isotope Geochronometers 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Rb–Sr Method 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Geochemistry of Rb and Sr 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Principles of Dating 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Rb–Sr Isochrons 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Dating Metamorphic Rocks 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The K–Ar Method 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Principles and Methodology 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Retention of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c\/sup\u003eAr by Minerals 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 K–Ar Isochrons 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary Age 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Metamorphic Veil 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Precambrian Timescales 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Summary 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The \u003csup\u003e40\u003c\/sup\u003eAr*\/ \u003csup\u003e39\u003c\/sup\u003eAr Method 144\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Principles and Methodology 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Incremental Heating Technique 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Excess \u003csup\u003e40\u003c\/sup\u003eAr 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Argon Isotope Correlation Diagram 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Laser Ablation 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Sedimentary Rocks 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Metasedimentary Rocks 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Metamorphic Rocks: Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Thermochronometry: Haliburton Highlands, Ontario, Canada 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Summary 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The K–Ca Method 180\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Principles and Methodology 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Isotope Geochemistry of Calcium 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Summary 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Sm–Nd Method 194\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Geochemistry of Sm and Nd 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Principles and Methodology 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Dating by the Sm–Nd Method 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Meteorites and Martian Rocks 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Lunar Rocks 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Summary 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Methods 214\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Geochemistry of U and Th 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Decay of U and Th Isotopes 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Principles and Methodology 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 U,Th–Pb Dates, Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Wetherill’s Concordia 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Alternative Pb Loss Models 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Refinements in Analytical Methods 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Dating Detrital Zircon Grains 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Tera–Wasserburg Concordia 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Isochrons (Granite Mountains, Wyoming) 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Pb–Pb Dating of Carbonate Rocks 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 U–Pb and Th–Pb Isochrons of Carbonate Rocks 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Summary 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The Common-Lead Method 256\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The Holmes–Houtermans Model 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Dating Common Lead 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Dating K-Feldspar 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Anomalous Leads in Galena 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Lead–Zinc Deposits, Southeastern Missouri 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Multistage Leads 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Summary 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 The Lu–Hf Method 284\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Geochemistry of Lu and Hf 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Principles and Methodology 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 CHUR and Epsilon 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Model Hf Dates Derived from CHUR 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Applications of Lu–Hf Dating 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Summary 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The Re–Os Method 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Rhenium and Osmium in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Rocks 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Principles and Methodology 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Molybdenite and \u003csup\u003e187\u003c\/sup\u003eRe–\u003csup\u003e187\u003c\/sup\u003eOs Isochrons 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Os 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Cu–Ni Sulfide Ores, Noril’sk, Siberia 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Origin of Other Sulfide Ore Deposits 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Metallic PGE Minerals 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Gold Deposits of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 The Pt–Os Method 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Summary 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The La–Ce Method 322\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Geochemistry of La and Ce 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Principles and Methodology 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 La–Ce Isochrons 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Ce 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Volcanic Rocks 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Cerium in the Oceans 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Summary 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 The La–Ba Method 340\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Geochemistry of La and Ba 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Principles and Methodology 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Amitsoq Gneiss, West Greenland 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Mustikkamaki Pegmatite, Finland 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Summary 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Mixing Theory 347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Chemical Compositions of Mixtures 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Three-Component Isotopic Mixtures 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Applications 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Summary 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Origin of Igneous Rocks 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 The Plume Theory 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Magma Sources in the Mantle 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Midocean Ridge Basalt 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Basalt and Rhyolite of Iceland 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 The Hawaiian Islands 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 HIMU Magma Sources of Polynesia 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Subduction Zones 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Continental Flood Basalt 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Alkali-Rich Lavas 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10 Origin of Granite 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11 Summary 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Water and Sediment 412\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Strontium in Streams 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Sediment in Streams 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Zaire and Amazon Rivers 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Summary 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 The Oceans 436\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Strontium in the Phanerozoic Oceans 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Strontium in the Precambrian Oceans 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Neodymium in the Oceans 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Lead in the Oceans 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Osmium in Continental Runoff 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Osmium in the Oceans 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Hafnium in the Oceans 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Summary 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Short-Lived Radionuclides 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Uranium\/Thorium-Series Disequilibria 497\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 \u003csup\u003e238\u003c\/sup\u003eU\/\u003csup\u003e234\u003c\/sup\u003eU–\u003csup\u003e230\u003c\/sup\u003eTh-Series Geochronometers 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Radium 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Protactinium 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Lead-210 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Archeology and Anthropology 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Volcanic Rocks 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Magma Formation 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Summary 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Helium and Tritium 546\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 U–Th\/He Method of Dating 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Thermochronometry 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 He Dating of Iron-Ore Deposits 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Tritium–\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eHe Dating 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Meteorites and Oceanic Basalt 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Continental Crust 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Summary 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Radiation-Damage Methods 577\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Alpha-Decay 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Fission Tracks 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Applications of Fission-Track Dates 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Thermoluminescence 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Electron-Spin Resonance 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Summary 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 613\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 (Atmospheric) 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Exposure Dating (\u003csup\u003e10\u003c\/sup\u003eBe and \u003csup\u003e26\u003c\/sup\u003eAl) 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Cosmogenic and Thermonuclear \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003eCl 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Meteorites 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Other Long-Lived Cosmogenic Radionuclides 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Summary 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Extinct Radionuclides 654\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 The Pd–Ag Chronometer 655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 The Al–Mg Chronometer 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 The Hf–W Chronometer 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 FUN in the Solar Nebula 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Summary 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Thermonuclear Radionuclides 667\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Fission Products and Transuranium Elements 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Strontium-90 in the Environment 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Cesium-137 in the Environment 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Arctic Ocean: \u003csup\u003e90\u003c\/sup\u003eSr\/\u003csup\u003e137\u003c\/sup\u003eCs, \u003csup\u003e239\u003ci\u003e,\u003c\/i\u003e240\u003c\/sup\u003ePu, and \u003csup\u003e241\u003c\/sup\u003eAm 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Summary 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Fractionation of Stable Isotopes 691\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Hydrogen and Oxygen 693\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Atomic Properties 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Mathematical Relations 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Meteoric Precipitation 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Paleothermometry (Carbonates) 704\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Silicate Minerals and Rocks 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Water–Rock Interactions (Rocks) 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7 Water–Rock Interactions (Water) 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8 Clay Minerals 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 Marine Carbonates 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.10 Marine Phosphates 730\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.11 Biogenic Silica and Hydroxides of Fe and Al 735\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.12 Chert (Phanerozoic and Precambrian) 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.13 Extraterrestrial Rocks 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.14 Summary 743\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Carbon 753\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Biosphere 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Life in the Precambrian Oceans 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Fossil Fuel 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphy (Phanerozoic) 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Precambrian Carbonates 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 774\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Extraterrestrial Carbon 785\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Search for Life on Mars 790\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 Summary 792\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Nitrogen 803\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Geochemistry 803\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Isotope Fractionation 805\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Nitrogen on the Surface of the Earth 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Fossil Fuels 808\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Igneous Rocks and the Mantle 811\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Ultramafic Xenoliths 812\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Diamonds 813\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Meteorites 815\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Moon 817\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Mars 818\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.11 Summary 820\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 820\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Sulfur 824\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Isotope Geochemistry 824\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Biogenic Isotope Fractionation 825\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Sulfur in Recent Sediment 827\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Fossil Fuels 828\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Native Sulfur Deposits 830\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Sedimentary Rocks of Precambrian Age 831\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7 Isotopic Evolution of Marine Sulfate 833\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8 Igneous Rocks 835\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9 Sulfide Ore Deposits 840\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.10 Sulfur in the Environment 843\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.11 Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation 846\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.12 Summary 847\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 849\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Boron and Other Elements 854\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Boron 855\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Lithium 859\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Silicon 863\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Chlorine 868\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 Postscript 870\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 870\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 875\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Geological Timescale (2002) 897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49402579452247,"sku":"9780471384373","price":146.66,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780471384373.jpg?v=1730480831","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/isotopes-9780471384373","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}