{"product_id":"indoor-wireless-communications-9780470741160","title":"Indoor Wireless Communications","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book provides an in-depth reference for design engineers, system planners, and post-graduate students interested in the vastly popular field of indoor wireless communications. It contains wireless applications and services for in-building scenarios and the design and implementation of these systems.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Motivation 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Evolution of Macro to Heterogeneous Networks 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Challenges 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Structure of the Book 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Indoor Wireless Technologies 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Cellular 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 The Cellular Concept 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 GSM 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 UMTS 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 HSPA 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 LTE 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Wi-Fi 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 History 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Physical Layer 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Industry Bodies 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4.1 Wi-Fi Alliance 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4.2 IEEE 802.11 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4.3 The Wireless Broadband Alliance 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Wi-Fi Standards 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5.1 IEEE 802.11-1997 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5.2 IEEE 802.11a 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5.3 IEEE 802.11b 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5.4 IEEE 802.11g 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5.5 IEEE 802.11-2007 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5.6 IEEE 802.11n 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Spectrum 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6.1 2.4 GHz Band 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6.2 5 GHz Band 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Modulation Schemes Used in Wi-Fi 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Multiple Access (MA) Techniques 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8.1 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9 Power Levels 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.10 Performance Indicators 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.11 Target Signal Levels and Link Budgets 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.12 Interference Challenges 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.13 Channel Planning 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.13.1 Single-Floor and Vertical Channel Planning 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.13.2 Multichannel Access Points 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.13.3 Automated Planning 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.14 Mobility Issues 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.14.1 Layer 2 Roam 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.14.2 Layer 3 Roam 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Bluetooth 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 ZigBee 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Private Mobile Radio (PMR) 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 PMR Elements 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Attributes 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 TETRA 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 System Requirements 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Environments 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Corporate Buildings 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Airports 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Trains and Railway Stations 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Shopping Centres 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.5 Hospitals 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.6 Arenas and Stadiums 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.6.1 What Makes a Stadium so Special? 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.6.2 Mix of Communities with Different Needs 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.7 University Campuses 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.8 Underground Stations 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.9 Cinemas and Theatres 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.10 Hotels 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.11 Cruise Ships 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Coverage 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Cellular 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Wi-Fi 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Isolation 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Leakage 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Capacity 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Interference 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Signal Quality 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Technology 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Cost 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Upgradeability 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 System Expansion 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Conclusion 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Radio Propagation 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Maxwell’s Equations 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Gauss’s Law for Electricity 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Faraday’s Law of Induction 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Ampère’s Circuital Law 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Consequence of Maxwell’s Equations 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Plane Waves 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Wave Equation 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Plane Wave Properties 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Wave Polarization 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Propagation Mechanisms 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Is Electromagnetic Theory Wrong Inside Buildings? 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Loss and Skin Effect 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Reflection 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Refraction (Transmission) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Diffraction 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Scattering 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.7 Waveguiding 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Effects of Materials 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Path Loss 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Median Path Loss 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Link Budgets 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Receiver Sensitivity 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Maximum Acceptable Path Loss (MAPL) 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Free-Space Loss 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Excess Loss 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Fast Fading 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Shadowing (Slow Fading) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Building Penetration Loss 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Radio Wave Propagation into Buildings 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Variations with Frequency 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Variations with Depth and Clutter 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.4 Comparison of Assumptions Made by Ofcom 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusion 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Channel Modelling 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Importance of Channel Modelling 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Propagation Modelling Challenges 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Model Classification 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Channel Bandwidth 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Propagation Environment 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Model Construction Approach 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Model Accuracy 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Empirical Models 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Power Law Model 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Keenan–Motley Model 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 ITU-R Indoor Model 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Siwiak–Bertoni–Yano (SBY) Multipath-Based Model 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6 Tuan Empirical Indoor Model: 900 MHz to 5.7 GHz 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7 Attenuation Factor Model 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.8 Indoor Dominant Path Model (DPM) 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.9 COST-231 Multiwall Model 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Physical Models 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Introduction to Ray Tracing 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Honcharenko–Bertoni Model 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Ray-Tracing Site-Specific Model 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Lee Ray-Tracing Model 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Multichannel Coupling (MCC) Prediction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 Angular Z-Buffer Algorithm for Efficient Ray Tracing 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.7 Intelligent Ray-Tracing (IRT) Model 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.8 Hybrid Parabolic Equation–Integral Equation Indoor Model 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Hybrid Models 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Reduced-Complexity UTD Model 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Measurement-Based Prediction 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Outdoor-to-Indoor Models 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 COST-231 Line-of-Sight Model 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 COST-231 Non-Line-of-Sight Model 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Penetration Model 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.4 Ichitsubo–Okamoto Outdoor-to-Indoor Model (800 MHz–8 GHz) 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.5 Taga–Miura Model Using Identification of Path Passing Through Wall Openings 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Models for Propagation in Radiating Cables 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.1 Zhang Model 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.2 Carter Model 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.3 Seseña–Aragón–Castañón Model 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Wideband Channel Characteristics 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Noise Considerations 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.1 Noise Sources 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.2 Noise Parameters 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.3 Considerations for Indoor Wireless Systems 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 In-Building Planning Tools 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.1 iBwave Design 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.2 WiMap-4G 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.3 Mentum CellPanner 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.4 Atrium 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.5 WinProp 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.6 CellTrace 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.7 EDX Signal Pro 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.8 iBuildNet DAS 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12.9 Wireless InSite 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Conclusion 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Antennas 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The Basics of Antenna Theory 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Conditions for Radiation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Antenna Regions 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Antenna Parameters 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Radiation Pattern 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Directivity 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Radiation Resistance and Efficiency 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Power Gain 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Bandwidth 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Reciprocity 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.7 Receiving Antenna Aperture 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.8 Beamwidth 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.9 Cross-Polar Discrimination 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.10 Polarization Matching 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Antenna Types 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Linear Wire 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Loop 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Antenna Arrays 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Travelling Wave and Broadband 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Microstrip 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Yagi-Uda 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.7 Aperture Antennas 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.8 Horn 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.9 Monopole 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.10 Parabolic Reflector (Dish) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.11 Smart Antennas 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Antenna Performance Issues 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Mean Effective Gain (MEG) 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Radiation Pattern Extrapolation 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Reliability of Radiation Patterns 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Antenna Measurements 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Examples Of In-Building Antennas 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 In-Building Cellular Antenna Requirements 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContents xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Omnidirectional 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Directional 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Macrocell 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5 Multiband 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.6 Deployment Considerations 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Radiating Cables 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Structure 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Applications 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Propagation Modes 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3.1 Coupled Mode 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3.2 Radiating Mode 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4 Parameters 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4.1 Coupling Loss 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4.2 Insertion Loss 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4.3 Bandwidth 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.5 Practical Considerations 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Conclusion 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Radio Measurements 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The Value of Measurements 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Tuning Empirical Path Loss Models 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Creating Synthetic Channel Models 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Validating Indoor Radio Designs 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Methodology for Indoor Measurements 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Measurement Campaign Plan 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Preliminary Site Visit 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Site Acquisition and Permissions 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Equipment Checklist 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Measurement Campaign 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Data Postprocessing 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.7 Postvisit to Site 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Types of Measurement Systems 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Narrowband Measurements 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 CW Measurements 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Code Scanning 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.3 Engineering Test Mobiles 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.4 Comparative Analysis 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Wideband Measurements 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Measurement Equipment 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Transmit Equipment 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Receive Rquipment 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Miscellaneous Testing Components 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Buyer’s Guide 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Types of Indoor Measurement Surveys 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Design Survey 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Existing Coverage 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Guidelines for Effective Radio Measurements 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Planning Your Measurements: The MCP 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.1 Introduction 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.2 Objectives 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.3 Requirements 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.4 Antenna Locations 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.5 Walk Test Routes 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.6 Workplan 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.7 Implications of Not Having an MCP 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Choose a Suitable Navigation System 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Signal Sampling and Averaging Considerations 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Documentation 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.5 Walk Test Best Practice 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.6 Equipment Calibration and Validation 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Model Tuning and Validation 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Measurements for Model Tuning 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Factors Affecting Model Tuning 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Impact of Having Insufficient Measurements for Tuning 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Conclusion 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Capacity Planning and Dimensioning 257\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 An Overview On Teletraffic 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Trunking 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Loss and Queue Networks 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Busy-Hour 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Capacity Parameters – Circuit-Switched 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Blocking 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Grade of Service 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Traffic per User 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Offered and Carried Traffic 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Traffic Categories 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Data Transmission Parameters 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Delay 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Throughput 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Latency 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Capacity Limits 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Radio Resource Management 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Load Sharing: Base Station Hotels 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Traffic Mapping 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Capacity Calculations 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1 Service Categories 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1.1 Service Types 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1.2 Traffic Classes 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1.3 Service Category Parameters 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.2 Service Environment 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.3 Radio Environment 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.4 Radio Access Technology Groups (RATGs) 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.5 Methodology Flowchart 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.6 Market Data Analysis 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.7 Traffic Demand Calculation by SE and SC 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.8 Traffic Distribution Amongst RATGs 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.8.1 Distribution Ratios 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.8.2 Distribution of Session Arrival Rates 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.8.3 Offered Traffic 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.9 Carried Traffic Capacity Determination 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.9.1 Circuit-Switched Traffic 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.9.2 Packet-Switched Traffic 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Wi-Fi Capacity 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.1 The Challenge 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.2 Facts and Figures 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.3 Coverage Design 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.4 Capacity Design 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.5 Additional Challenges 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Data Offloading Considerations 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.1 Data Offload Using Femtocells 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.2 Data Offload Using Wi-Fi 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.3 Femtocell versus Wi-Fi 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.3.1 Wi-Fi 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.3.2 Femtocells 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.4 Carrier Wi-Fi 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.5 UMA\/GAN 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.6 Seamless Authentication 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.7 Turning Wi-Fi into an Operator Network 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.7.1 WBA Next Generation Hotspot 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.7.2 WBA Roaming 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.7.3 WFA Hotspot 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.7.4 ANDSF 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.7.5 I-WLAN 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.8 Discussion 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Conclusion 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 RF Equipment and Distribution Systems 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Base Stations 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Distributed Antenna Systems 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Passive DAS 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Active DAS 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Hybrid DAS 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Installation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 RF Miscellaneous – Passive 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Cables 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Splitters\/Combiners 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Antennas 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Directional Couplers 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Tappers 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Attenuators 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Circulators 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Terminations\/Dummy Loads 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.9 Duplexers 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.10 Diplexers\/Triplexers 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 RF Miscellaneous – Active 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Amplifiers 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Active DAS Components 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 Main Unit 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 Expansion Unit 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.3 Remote Unit 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Repeaters 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Repeater Deployments 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.1 Operator-Deployed Repeaters 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.2 Traditional Consumer Repeaters 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.3 Intelligent Repeaters 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Disadvantages 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Installation Issues 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Benefits 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Small Cells 315\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimon R. Saunders\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 What is a Small Cell? 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Small Cell Species 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Femtocells for Residential Environments 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Picocells 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Metrocells 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Rural and Remote Small Cells 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The Case for Small Cells 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Capacity 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Coverage 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 User Experience 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Cost Effectiveness 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 History and Standards 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Architecture and Management 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Coverage, Capacity and Interference 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Business Case 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Regulation 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Small Cells ComparedWith Other IndoorWireless Technologies 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Distributed Antenna Systems (DASs) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.2 Wi-Fi 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.3 Repeaters and Relay Nodes 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Market 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Future: New Architectures and Towards 5G 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 In-Building Case Studies 331\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVladan Jevremovic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Public Venue 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Scenario 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Solution 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Common Design Requirements 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.1 Multicarrier (Neutral Host) 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.2 Multiband 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.3 Multitechnology 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Common Best Practices 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.1 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.2 Downlink Design 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.3 Uplink Design 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Summary 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Stadium 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Scenario 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Solution 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Design Requirements 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.1 RF Coverage 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.2 Capacity 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.3 Handoff Management 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.4 Interference Management 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Site Survey 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Detailed 3-D Modelling 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 Sectorization 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.7 Macro Coverage Management 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.8 Passive Intermodulation Management 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.9 Design for Stadium Capacity 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.9.1 Data Capacity Sizing 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.9.2 Voice Capacity Sizing 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.10 RF Coverage Design 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.11 Summary 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Shopping Centre 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Scenario 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Design Requirements 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2.1 RF Coverage 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2.2 Antenna Placement Restrictions 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Solution 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Antenna Choice and Placement 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 RF Coverage Design 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 Capacity Dimensioning 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.7 Sectorization 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.8 Data Rate Coverage 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.9 Summary 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Business Campus 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Scenario 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Design Requirements 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.1 RF Coverage 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.2 Handoff Management 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.3 Interference Management 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Solution 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Interference Control 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Lift Coverage 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.6 Detailed RF Coverage Design 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.7 Summary 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Underground (Subway) 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Scenario 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Design Requirements 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.1 RF Coverage 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.2 Capacity 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.3 Handoff Management 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Solution 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 RF Coverage Design 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5 Capacity 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5.1 Data 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5.2 Voice 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.6 Environmental Challenges 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.7 Radio Coverage Maps 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.8 Summary 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 409\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49402420560215,"sku":"9780470741160","price":78.26,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780470741160.jpg?v=1730480347","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/indoor-wireless-communications-9780470741160","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}