{"product_id":"immunity-to-parasitic-infection-9780470972489","title":"Immunity to Parasitic Infection","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParasitic infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. Often endemic in developing countries many parasitic diseases are neglected in terms of research funding and much remains to be understood about parasites and the interactions they have with the immune system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eList of Contributors xiii  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction: Immunoparasitology: The Making of a Modern Immunological science 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan Sher\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Notes on the Immune System 15\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTracey J. Lamb\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The immune system 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Innate immune processes 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The complement cascade 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Innate recognition 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Pattern recognition receptors 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Innate immune cells 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Communication in the immune system 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Adaptive immunity 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 The role of theMHC in the immune response 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 T cell activation and cellular-mediated immunity 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 B cells and the humoral response 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Cell trafficking around the body 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 Cellular immune effector mechanisms 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 Hypersensitivity reactions 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 2\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Introduction to Protozoan Infections 61\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid B. Guiliano and Tracey J. Lamb\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The protozoa 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Amoebozoa 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Excavata 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Harosa 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Protozoa that are now fungi 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Taxonomy and the evolution of the parasitic protozoa 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Genomic and post genomic exploration of protozoan biology 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 General information on protozoa 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Apicomplexa:Malaria 91\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTracey J. Lamb and Francis M. Ndung’u\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Malaria 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Recognition ofmalaria parasites 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Innate effector mechanisms 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Adaptive immunity 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Memory responses 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Immune evasion 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Immunopathology 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Apicomplexa: Toxoplasma gondii 107\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEmmaWilson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Life cycle and pathogenesis 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Innate immune responses 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Evasion strategies 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Adaptive immune responses 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 CNS infection 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidium 121\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJan R. Mead andMichael J. Arrowood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Life cycle 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Clinical presentation 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 General immune responses in cryptosporidiosis 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Innate effector mechanisms 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Adaptive immunity 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Memory responses 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Antigens eliciting the immune response 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Immune evasion 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Immunopathology in the gut and intestinal tract 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Diplomonadida: Giardia 139\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven Singer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The life cycle and pathogenesis of Giardia infection 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Recognition of Giardia by the immune system 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Innate effector mechanisms against Giardia 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Adaptive immunity against Giardia 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Memory responses 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Antigens eliciting the immune response 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Immune evasion 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Immunopathology 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Kinetoplastids: Leishmania 153\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIngridM¨ uller and Pascale Kropf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The pathogenesis of Leishmania infection 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Life cycle 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Parasite transmission and avoidance of immune responses 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Innate effector mechanisms: the role of neutrophils in Leishmania infection 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Adaptive immunity: lessons from L. major infections of mice 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Arginase promotes Leishmania parasite growth 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Memory responses 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Kinetoplastids: Trypanosomes 165\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeremy Sternberg\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 The African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei ssp.) 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Pathogenesis of sleeping sickness 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Variant surface glycoprotein – the key to trypanosome-host interactions 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The humoral response to African trypanosomes 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 T cell responses in African trypanosome infections 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Innate defence mechanisms: trypanosome lytic factor 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Immunopathology and VSG 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Summary 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Kinetoplastids: Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease) 179\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRick Tarleton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Life cycle and transmission 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Immune control and disease 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Innate recognition of T. cruzi 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Adaptive immunity 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Regulation of immune responses and parasite persistence 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Introduction to Helminth Infections 195\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid B. Guiliano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Acanthocephala 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Nematodes 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Pentastomida 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Platyhelminthes 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 The evolution of parasitism within the helminths: divergent phyla with common themes 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Genomic and post-genomic exploration of helminth biology 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Summary 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Nematoda: Filarial Nematodes 217\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSabine Specht and Achim Hoerauf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The life cycle and pathogenesis of filarial nematode infections 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Animal models of filariasis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Immune responsesmounted against filarial nematodes 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Innate immunity 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Adaptive immunity 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Immune evasion 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Immunopathology 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Nematoda: Ascaris lumbricoides 231\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristina Dold\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Ascaris infection displays an over-dispersed frequency distribution 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Life cycle 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Pathogenesis of infection 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Animal models of Ascaris infection 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Immune responses generated against the migratory phase of Ascaris 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 The cytokine response to Ascaris lumbricoides 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 The humoral response to Ascaris lumbricoides 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Antigens eliciting immune responses in Ascaris infection 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Conclusions 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Nematoda: Hookworms 247\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSoraya Gaze, HenryMcSorley and Alex Loukas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Pathogenesis of hookworminfection 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 The life cycle of hookworms 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Animal models of hookworminfection 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Innate immune responses to hookworms 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Adaptive immunity 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Cytokine responses 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Antibody responses 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Antigens eliciting the immune response 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Memory responses 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Immunoregulatory aspects of the anti-hookwormimmune response 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Conclusion 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Nematoda: Trichuris 263\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eColby Zaph\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Trichuris infection 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Life cycle and pathogenesis 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Immunity to Trichuris 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Recognition by the immune system 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Innate immune responses 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Adaptive immune responses 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Immune memory 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Vaccines 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Trichuris as a therapeutic 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Summary 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Nematoda: Trichinella 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJudith A. Appleton, Lisa K. Blum and Nebiat G. Gebreselassie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Life cycle 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Pathogenesis 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Adaptive immunity 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Immunopathology 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Evasion strategies 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Trematoda: Schistosomes 287\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark Wilson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 The schistosome life cycle 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Immunological recognition of schistosomes 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Innate effector mechanisms 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Adaptive immunity 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Memory responses 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Schistosome antigens eliciting immune responses 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Immune evasion 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Schistosomiasis and immunopathology 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Cestoda: Tapeworm Infection 307\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eC´esar A. Terrazas,Miriam Rodr´ýguez-Sosa and Luis I. Terrazas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 The life cycle of tapeworms 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Epidemiology 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Pathology 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Innate immunity 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Adaptive immunity 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Antigens eliciting the immune responses 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Immunomodulation or evasivemechanisms 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Echinococcosis 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Conclusions 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 4\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Co-infection: Immunological Considerations 325\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoanne Lello\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Co-infection is the rule rather than the exception 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Interactions between co-infecting parasites 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 The Th1\/Th2 paradigm in co-infection 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Co-infection can alter disease severity 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Modelling parasite interactions during co-infection 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Co-infection as a therapy? 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Consideration of co-infection in an ecological framework 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Concluding remarks 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 HIV and Malaria Co-infection 335\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAubrey Cunnington and EleanorM. Riley\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 The endemicity of HIV and malaria 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 HIV infection 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Immunopathogenesis of HIV 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Interactions between malaria and HIV 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Effect of co-infection on treatment of HIV and malaria infections 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Combined effects of HIV and malaria on susceptibility to other diseases 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Malaria and HIV vaccines 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Summary 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 HIV and Leishmania Co-infection 353\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJavierMoreno\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Leishmania parasitaemia is increased in HIV-Leishmania co-infection 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Leishmania infection increases viral replication rate 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Cell specific interactions between HIV-1 and Leishmania 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Immune response interactions between HIV-1 and Leishmania 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1\/Leishmania co-infection 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Malaria 361\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMathieu Nacher\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Results from field studies in humans are conflicting 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Immune responses in GI nematode and malaria co-infections 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Stereotypical but different 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Animal models of GI nematode-malaria co-infection 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Conclusions 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Malaria and Schistosomes 375\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShonaWilson and Jamal Khalife\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 The epidemiology of schistosomiasis and malaria co-infection 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Study design for malaria\/schistosome co-infection studies 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Antibody responses 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Cytokine responses 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Contribution of experimental models to the understanding of Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium co-infection 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Conclusions 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Hygiene and Other Early Childhood Influences on the Subsequent Function of the Immune System 391\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGraham A.W. Rook\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 The Hygiene Hypothesis (or ‘Old Friends’ hypothesis) 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Epidemiological transitions 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Compensatory genetic variants 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 The critical organisms and their immunological role 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Helminth infections and allergic disorders 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Helminths and non-allergic chronic inflammatory disorders: human data 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Animal models of helminth infection used to test the Hygiene Hypothesis 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 Non-helminthic ‘Old Friends’ 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.10 Mechanisms of immunoregulation 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.11 Conclusions 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Nematodes as Therapeutic Organisms 401\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWilliam Harnett andMargaretM. Harnett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Evidence that parasitic nematodes can protect humans from allergy and autoimmunity 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Mechanism of action 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Nematodemolecules involved in preventing allergic\/autoimmune disease 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Clinical aspects 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.1 Vaccination AgainstMalaria 417\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlbertoMoreno\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1 Malaria vaccines: proof of concept 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2 Vaccine development 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.3 Pre-erythrocytic vaccines 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.4 Erythrocytic vaccines 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.5 Transmission-blocking vaccines 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.6 Whole organism vaccines 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.7 P. vivax vaccines 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.8 Concluding remarks 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.2 Current Approaches to the Development of a Vaccine Against Leishmaniasis 431\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYasuyuki Goto and Steven G. Reed\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.1 Vaccination against leishmaniasis 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.2 Anti-amastigote vaccines 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.3 Anti-saliva vaccines 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.4 Transmission prevention vaccines 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.5 Role of an adjuvant in vaccine development 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.6 Future directions 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.3 Vaccination Against Hookworms 441\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrent Schneider,Maria Victoria Periago and Jeffrey M. Bethony\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.1 The need for a vaccine 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.2 The Human HookwormVaccine Initiative 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.3 The history of hookwormvaccines: experiments in dogs 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4 Antibody production against canine hookworm 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.5 Vaccination against hookwormwith irradiated larvae 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.6 Lessons from vaccination with irradiated larvae 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.7 Research identifying target proteins for an anti-hookwormvaccine 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.8 A human hookwormvaccine phase 1 clinical trial based on Na-ASP2 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.9 The HHVI takes a different approach 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.10 Developments through the last century and the future 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.4 Current Approaches to the Development of a Vaccine Against Filarial Nematodes 459\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSara Lustigman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.1 Introduction to anti-filarial nematode vaccines 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2 Anti-O. volvulus and anti-LF vaccines are a valid approach to advance control measures against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.3 Future directions for vaccine development 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.4 Discovery of new vaccine candidates 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences for further reading 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 493\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49402470465879,"sku":"9780470972489","price":47.45,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780470972489.jpg?v=1730480500","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/immunity-to-parasitic-infection-9780470972489","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}