{"product_id":"ibuprofen-9781118743386","title":"Ibuprofen","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eIbuprofen has become one of the foremost pain-relieving medications world-wide with its proven safety and efficacy in a wide variety of painful and inflammatory conditions. It has also been widely investigated for application in a variety of painful and non-pain inflammatory states including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions, reflecting the unique and novel properties of the drug that would never have been foreseen from knowledge of the properties when it was initially discovered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eEdited by leading world expert with over 40 years record in research, teaching and as a scientific advisor in the field of anti-inflammatory\/analgesic agents. Professor Kim Rainsford is also the founding Editor-in-Chief of the journal, \u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eInflammopharmacology\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e, as well as being an Associate Editor of \u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Journal of Pharmacy \u0026amp; Pharmacology\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProvides a thorough coverage of the medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutics of ibuprofen, and its pharmacokinetics in b\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 History and Development of Ibuprofen 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Historical Background 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Initial Stages 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Compounds in Development 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Ibufenac – Almost There, but for Liver Toxicity 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 More Setbacks 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 More Learning 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Ibuprofen 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 First Clinical Trials 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Gastrointestinal Safety 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Achievements and Rewards at Last 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Ultimate Recognition of Safety – OTC Status 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Worldwide Developments 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.1 Evolving Applications of Ibuprofen 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Medicinal Chemistry of Ibuprofen 22\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKenneth J. Nichol and David W. Allen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Discovery of Ibuprofen 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Synthetic Routes to Ibuprofen 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Biological Activities of Ibuprofen Analogues 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Metabolites of Ibuprofen 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Metabolites and Enantiomer Inversion 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Synthesis of Metabolites 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Ibuprofen Enantiomers 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Physicochemical Aspects 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Pharmaceutics of Ibuprofen 50\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFred Higton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Ibuprofen 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Products Available Worldwide 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Solid Dose Presentations 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Conventional Ibuprofen Tablets 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 In vitro\/in vivo Testing 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Sustained Release Preparations 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Ibuprofen Fast Acting: Ibuprofen Salts and Derivatives 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Liquids 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Taste-Masking of Ibuprofen 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Suppositories 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Topical Presentations 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Pharmacokinetics of Ibuprofen in Humans and Animals 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFakhreddin Jamali and Dion R. Brocks\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Absorption 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Distribution 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Protein Binding 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Tissue Distribution 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Clearance 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Metabolism of Ibuprofen 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Excretion of Ibuprofen 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Interspecies Differences in Pharmacokinetics of (\u003ci\u003eR\u003c\/i\u003e)- and (\u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e)-Ibuprofen 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Relationship between Effect and Plasma Concentrations 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Therapeutic Effects 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Toxic Effects 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Pharmacokinetics and Analgesic Effects in Patients in Pain 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Febrile Children and Infants 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Postoperative Paediatric Patients 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Premature Infants 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Juvenile Arthritis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Children with Cystic Fibrosis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Elderly Adults 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.8 Rheumatic Disease 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.9 Renal Insufficiency 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.10 Hepatic Disease 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.11 Burn Patients 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.12 Effect of Gender and Race 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.13 Effect of Operational Stessors 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Drug Interactions 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Anti-ulcer Medications 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Zidovudine 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Codeine and Oxycodone 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Anti-hyperlipidemic Drugs 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Oral Contraceptive Steroids 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6 Self-interaction; Enantiomer–Enantiomer Interaction 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.7 Effect of Ibuprofen on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.8 Other Drugs 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Ibuprofen 132\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 The Relevance of Data from Animal Models to the Clinical Situation in Humans 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Acute Anti-inflammatory Activity 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Chronic Anti-inflammatory Activity 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Analgesic Activity 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Antipyretic Activity 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 General Toxicology 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.7 Effects on Prostaglandin Production Related to Pharmacological Activities 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.8 Effects on Leukotriene Production 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.9 Smooth Muscle Contractility 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.10 Effects on Nitric Oxide Production 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.11 Leucocytes and Vascular Permeability 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.12 Leukocyte Functions 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.13 Immune Functions 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.14 Effects on Articular Joint Integrity 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.15 Miscellaneous Biochemical and Cellular Actions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Experimental Therapeutics 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Endotoxin Shock 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Acute Lung Injury Induced by Exposure to Chemicals 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Acute Myocardial Injury and Coronary Functions 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Cerebral Injury 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Tourniquet Shock Ischemia 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Transcutaneous Hypoxia 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Cytokines and Surgical Stress 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Pleurisy from Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.9 Abdominal Adhesions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.10 Uveitis 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Experimental Inflammation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Experimental Pain 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Effects on Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Gastrointestinal Injury and Bleeding 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Hypersensitivity and Other Immunological Reactions 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.6 Gynaecological and Obstetric Uses 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.7 Effects on Lung Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.8 Malignant Conditions 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.9 Prevention of Cataract 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusions 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Therapeutics of Ibuprofen in Rheumatic and Other Chronic and Painful Diseases 237\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eWalter F. Kean, Kim D. Rainsford and the late William W. Buchanan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Overview of Clinical Pharmacology 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Pharmacokinetics Relevant to Therapy of Inflammatory Diseases and Pain 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Criteria for Determining Therapeutic Responses 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 NSAID-Related Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicity 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Gastrointestinal Side-Effects 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Cardiovascular Reactions 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Hepatic Reactions 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Renal Adverse Reactions 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Miscellaneous Reactions 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Early Studies at Low Doses 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Later Higher]Dose Studies 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Juvenile Idiopathic (Rheumatoid) Arthritis 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Primary and Secondary Osteoarthritis 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Acceleration of Cartilage and Bone Destruction 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Therapeutic Aspects 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Comparisons with Coxibs 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Formulations 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Variability in Response 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Relation of Drug Kinetics to Clinical Response 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Low Back Pain 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Shoulder Pain 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s Syndrome) 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Psoriatic Arthritis 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Ankylosing Spondylitis 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Gout 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16 Fibromyalgia 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17 Haemophiliac Arthritis 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18 Postoperative Pain 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19 Sports Injuries 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20 Other Painful States 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21 Cancer 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.22 Potential Non]analgesic Usage 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.23 The Elderly 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24 Dexibuprofen 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25 Conclusions 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Safety and Efficacy of Non-prescription, Over-the]Counter (OTC) Ibuprofen 313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Analysis of Clinical Trials 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Studies in Prospective Clinical Trials 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Epidemiological Studies and Case Reports 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Considerations for Special Groups 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Use of Drugs in the Elderly 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Safety in Pregnancy and Lactation 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Uses and Safety in Sport and Exercise 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusions 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Use of Ibuprofen in Dentistry 346\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaymond A. Dionne, Sharon M. Gordon and Stephen A. Cooper\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Analgesia 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Preventive Analgesia 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Analgesic Activity of Ibuprofen Isomers 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Ibuprofen-Containing Combinations 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Ibuprofen Formulations 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Effects on Oedema 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Interactions with Plasma β-Endorphin 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Use for Chronic Temporomandibular Pain 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Recommendations for the Use of Ibuprofen in Dentistry 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions from Ibuprofen 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford and Ingvar Bjarnason\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Background and Introduction 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Current Status Concerning NSAID Ulceration 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Morbidity and Mortality 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Occurrence of Ulcers and Complications 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Epidemiological Studies 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Large-Scale Mega Trials 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Clinical Investigations on Comparative GI Effects of Ibuprofen 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Early Symptom-Based Studies in GI]Intolerant Subjects 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Procedures for Assessing GI Injury 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Upper GI Endoscopy 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 NSAID-Enteropathy: Capsule and Device Assisted Intestinal Endoscopy and Other Techniques 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Radiochromium [\u003csup\u003e51\u003c\/sup\u003eCr]-Labelled Red Cell GI Blood Loss 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Intragastric and Occult Blood Loss and Reduced Haemoglobin 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Clinically-Relevant Pathogenesis of NSAID-Associated GI Injury 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Factors Affecting NSAID-Induced Gastroduodenal Injury 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Influence of Gastric Acidity 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Physicochemical Associations, Topical versus Systemic Actions of NSAIDs, Cyclo]oxygenases and Reduced Prostanoids 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Effects of NSAIDs on Gastric pH and Acid Secretion 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Procedures for Reducing GI Symptoms 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Ibuprofen Formulations 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Effects of Food or Drinks 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Mucus Protection Strategies 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Anti-ulcer Agents 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Overall Assessment of GI Safety of Ibuprofen 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Hepatorenal Effects of Ibuprofen Compared with other NSAIDs and Paracetamol 432\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Hepatorenal Syndromes 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 NSAID, Analgesic and DMARD-Induced Liver Injury 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Historical Associations of NSAIDs with Liver Toxicity 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Awareness of Liver Reactions with Modern NSAIDs 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Simultaneous Use of Potentially Hepatotoxic Medications 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Renal Adverse Reactions Form NSAIDs and Analgesics 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Renal Adverse Reactions from Ibuprofen 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusions 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Adverse Drug Reactions Attributed to Ibuprofen: Effects Other Than Gastrointestinal 452\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eL.J. Miwa, M. Manenos and Judith K. Jones\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Allergy and Hypersensitivity 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Points to Consider when Evaluating Allergy-Type Reactions to NSAIDs 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Epidemiology of Allergy or Hypersensitivity with NSAIDs 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Adverse Dermatological Effects 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Hepatotoxicity 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Haematological Adverse Effects 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Neutropenia, agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Other Blood Disorders 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Renal Adverse Effects 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Cardiovascular Adverse Effects 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Adverse Effects on Reproduction 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Animal Studies of Teratogenic and Reproductive Effects 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Reports of Teratogenic Effects in Humans 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 Perinatal Adverse Effects Associated with Therapeutic Use 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.4 Other Reproductive Effects 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Endocrine and Metabolic Adverse Effects 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Central Nervous System Effects 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 General CNS Effects 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 Aseptic Meningitis 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3 Cognitive Dysfunction 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.4 Psychiatric Adverse Effects 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Ocular Adverse Effects 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Infection-Related Adverse Event 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Drug Interactions 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.1 NSAID–Anti-hypertensive Interactions 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.2 NSAID–Diuretic Interactions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.3 NSAID–β-Adrenergic Blocker Interactions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.4 NSAID–Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Interactions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.5 NSAID–Oral Anti-coagulant Interactions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.6 NSAID–Aminoglycoside Interactions 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.7 NSAID–Oral Hypoglycemic Interactions 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.8 NSAID–Cyclosporin Interactions 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.9 NSAID–Lithium Interactions 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.10 NSAID–Methotrexate Interactions 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.11 Ibuprofen–Aspirin Interactions 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14 Future Needs 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Human Toxicity of Ibuprofen 500\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGlyn Volans\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Mechanism of Toxicity in Overdosage 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Epidemiological Reviews of the Effects of Ibuprofen in Overdosage 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Reports of Deaths after Ibuprofen Overdose 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Dose–Response and Toxicokinetics 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Gastrointestinal Effects 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Renal Effects 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Cases of Massive Overdose 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Cases Affected by Additional Factors 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Metabolic Effects 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Central Nervous System (CNS) Effects 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Cardiovascular Effects 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Respiratory Effects 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Haematological Effects 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Skin Reactions 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14 Ibuprofen Toxicity in Children 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.15 Ibuprofen in Pregnancy and Breast Feeding 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.16 Chronic Abuse of Ibuprofen 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17 Conclusion 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17.1 Management of Ibuprofen Overdosage 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17.2 Continuing Surveillance 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17.3 Comparative Human Toxicity – Ibuprofen versus Other NSAIDs and Non]opioid Analgesics 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Ibuprofen in the Prevention and Therapy of Cancer 520\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRandall E. Harris\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction and Background 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Ibuprofen, COX-1 and COX-2 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 COX-2 and the Inflammogenesis of Cancer 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Preclinical Efficacy Studies of Ibuprofen and Cancer 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Preclinical Efficacy Study of Ibuprofen Therapy for Breast Cancer 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Preclinical Efficacy Study of Ibuprofen versus Retinoic Acid for the Prevention of Breast Cancer 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Preclinical Efficacy Study of Celecoxib versus Ibuprofen for the Prevention of Breast Cancer 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Other Animal Studies of NSAIDs and Cancer 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Human Epidemiologic Studies of Ibuprofen for the Prevention of Cancers of the Breast, Colon, Prostate and Lung 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Methods of Analysis 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Comparative Results for Ibuprofen and Aspirin from Eepidemiologic Studies of Cancers of the Breast, Colon, Prostate and Lung 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Comparison of Ibuprofen, Aspirin and Selective COX]2 Inhibitors in Cancer Prevention 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Meta-analyses of Epidemiologic Studies of NSAIDs for Cancer Prevention 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Discussion of Meta-analyses of NSAIDs and Cancer 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Therapeutic Studies of Non-selective COX-2 Inhibitors for Human Cancer 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 COX-2 and the Inflammogenesis of Cancer 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 COX-2 Blockade of Molecular Carcinogenesis 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Role of COX-1 in Carcinogenesis 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.3 Other Molecular Targets of NSAIDs 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Safety Profile of Ibuprofen 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 COX-1 and COX-2 Isoforms 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Gastrointestinal and Renal Effects of Ibuprofen 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.3 Ibuprofen and Cardiovascular Disease 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Future Perspectives for Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in Cancer Chemoprevention 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Ibuprofen in Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases 549\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Pathogenesis of AD 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Early Clinical Observations of Effects of NSAIDs in AD 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Cellular and Molecular Effects of Ibuprofen in AD 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Actions of Ibuprofen in Rodent AD Models 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 In Vitro Effects and Molecular Actions of Ibuprofen in AD 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Conclusions 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Ibuprofen in Parkinson’s Disease 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Effects of Ibuprofen in Models of PD 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Other Neuroprotective Effects of Ibuprofen 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusions 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A Some Proprietary Brands and Preparations of Ibuprofen Available Worldwide 573\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B References to Analytical Methods for Determination ofIbuprofen in Biological Fluids, Principally Plasma 583\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKim D. Rainsford\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 000\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528836391255,"sku":"9781118743386","price":136.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118743386.jpg?v=1731873211","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/ibuprofen-9781118743386","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}