{"product_id":"high-voltage-direct-current-transmission-9781119566540","title":"High Voltage Direct Current Transmission","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresents the latest developments in switchgear and DC\/DC converters for DC grids, and includes substantially expanded material on MMC HVDC\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis newly updated edition covers all HVDC transmission technologies including Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC; Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC, and the latest VSC HVDC based on Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), as well as the principles of building DC transmission grids.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeaturing new material throughout,\u003ci\u003e High Voltage Direct Current Transmission: Converters, Systems and DC Grids, 2nd Edition\u003c\/i\u003e offers several new chapters\/sections including one on the newest MMC converters. It also provides extended coverage of switchgear, DC grid protection and DC\/DC converters following the latest developments on the market and in research projects. All three HVDC technologies are studied in a wide range of topics, including: the basic converter operating principles; calculation of losses; system modelling, including dynami\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I HVDC with Current Source Converters \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Line Commutated HVDC \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 HVDC Applications 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Line Commutated HVDC Components 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 DC Cables and Overhead Lines 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Introduction 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Mass-impregnated Cables 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Low-pressure Oil-filled Cables 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Extruded Cross-linked Polyethylene Cables 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 LCC HVDC Topologies 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Losses in LCC HVDC Systems 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Conversion of AC Lines to DC 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Ultra High Voltage HVDC 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Thyristors \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Operating Characteristics 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Switching Characteristics 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Losses in HVDCThyristors 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Valve Structure andThyristor Snubbers 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Thyristor Rating Selection and Overload Capability 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Six-pulse Diode and Thyristor Converter \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Three-phase Uncontrolled Bridge 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Three-phase Thyristor Rectifier 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Analysis of Commutation Overlap in a Thyristor Converter 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Active and Reactive Power in a Three-phase Thyristor Converter 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Inverter Operation 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 HVDC Rectifier Station Modelling, Control and Synchronisation with AC System \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 HVDC Rectifier Controller 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Phase-locked Loop 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Master-level HVDC Control 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 HVDC Inverter Station Modelling and Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Inverter Controller 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Control Structure 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Extinction Angle Control 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 DC Voltage Control 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 DC Current Control at Inverter 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Commutation Failure 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 HVDC System \u003ci\u003eV\u003c\/i\u003e–\u003ci\u003eI \u003c\/i\u003eDiagrams and Operating Modes \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 HVDC Equivalent Circuit 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 HVDC \u003ci\u003eV–I\u003c\/i\u003e Operating Diagram 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 HVDC Power Reversal 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 HVDC Analytical Modelling and Stability \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction to Converter and HVDC Modelling 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Detailed Switching Transients Modelling 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Modelling with Switchings 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Analytical Dynamic Modelling of Converters 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Phasor Modelling 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 HVDC Analytical Model 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 CIGRE HVDC Benchmark Model 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Converter Modelling, Linearisation, and Gain Scheduling 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 AC System Modelling for HVDC Stability Studies 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 LCC Converter Transformer Model 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 DC System Including DC Cable 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 DC Cable\/Line Modelling as a Single 𝜋 Section 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Controller Model 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Complete DC System Model 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Accurate DC Cable Modelling 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Wideband Cable Model 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Cable Higher-order Analytical Model in State Space 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 HVDC–HVAC System Model 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Analytical Dynamic Model Verification 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Basic HVDC Dynamic Analysis 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11.2 Eigenvalue Sensitivity Study 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11.3 Influence of PLL Gains 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 HVDC Second Harmonic Instability 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 100 Hz Oscillations on the DC Side 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 HVDC Phasor Modelling and Interactions with AC System \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Converter and DC System Phasor Model 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Phasor AC System Model and Interaction with DC System 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Inverter AC Voltage and Power Profile as DC Current is Increasing 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Influence of Converter Extinction Angle 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Influence of Shunt Reactive Power Compensation 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Influence of Load at the Converter Terminals 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Influence of Operating Mode (DC Voltage Control Mode) 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Rectifier Operating Mode 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 HVDC Operation with Weak AC Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Short Circuit Ratio and Equivalent Short Circuit Ratio 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Definition of SCR and ESCR 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Operating Difficulties with Low SCR Systems 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Background on Power Transfer Between Two AC Systems 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Phasor Study of Converter Interactions with Weak AC Systems 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 System Dynamics (Small Signal Stability) with Low SCR 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Control and Main Circuit Solutions for Weak AC Grids 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 LCC HVDC with SVC 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Capacitor Commutated Converters for HVDC 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 AC System with Low Inertia 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Fault Management and HVDC System Protection \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 DC Line Faults 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 AC System Faults 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Rectifier AC Faults 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Inverter AC Faults 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Internal Faults 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 System Reconfiguration for Permanent Faults 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Overvoltage Protection 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 LCC HVDC System Harmonics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Harmonic Performance Criteria 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Harmonic Limits 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Thyristor Converter Harmonics 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Harmonic Filters 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Introduction 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Tuned Filters 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Damped Filters 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Non-characteristic Harmonic Reduction Using HVDC Controls 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBibliography Part I: Line Commutated Converter HVDC \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II HVDC with Voltage Source Converters \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 VSC HVDC Applications and Topologies, Performance and Cost Comparison with LCC HVDC \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e139\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Application of Voltage Source Converters in HVDC 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Comparison with LCC HVDC 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 HVDC Technology Landscape 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Overhead and Subsea\/Underground VSC HVDC Transmission 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 DC Cable Types with VSC HVDC 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Monopolar and Bipolar VSC HVDC Systems 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 VSC HVDC Converter Topologies 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 HVDC with Two-level Voltage Source Converter 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 HVDC with Neutral Point Clamped Converter 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3 MMC VSC HVDC Transmission Systems 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.4 MMC HVDC Based on FB Topology 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 VSC HVDC Station Components 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 AC CB 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 VSC Converter Transformer 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 VSC Converter AC Harmonic Filters 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.4 DC Capacitors 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.5 DC Filter 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.6 Two-level VSC HVDC Valves 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.7 MMC Valves and Cells 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 AC Inductors 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 DC Inductors 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 IGBT Switches and VSC Converter Losses 165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction to IGBT and IGCT 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 General VSC Converter Switch Requirements 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 IGBT Technology 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 IGBT Operating Characteristics 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Fast Recovery Anti-parallel Diode 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 High Power IGBT Devices 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 IEGT Technology 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Losses Calculation 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Conduction Loss Modelling 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Switching Loss Modelling 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Balancing Challenges in Two-level IGBT Valves 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Snubbers Circuits 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Single-phase and Three-phase Two-level VSC Converters \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Single-phase VSC 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Three-phase VSC 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Square-wave, Six-pulse Operation 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 180\u003csup\u003e∘\u003c\/sup\u003e Conduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 120\u003csup\u003e∘\u003c\/sup\u003e Conduction 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Two-level PWM VSC Converters \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 PWM Modulation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Multipulse with Constant Pulse Width 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Modulating Signal 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Third Harmonic Injection 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Selective Harmonic Elimination Modulation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Converter Losses for Two-level SPWMVSC 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Harmonics with PWM 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Comparison of PWM Modulation Techniques 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Multilevel VSC Converters in HVDC Applications \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Converters 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Converter 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Half Bridge MMC 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Operating Principles of Half-bridge MMC 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Capacitor Voltage Balancing 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 MMC Cell Capacitance 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 MMC Arm Inductance 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 MMC with Fundamental Frequency Modulation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.6 MMC with PWM Modulation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Full Bridge MMC 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Operating Principles 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Comparison of Multilevel Topologies 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Two-level VSC HVDC Modelling, Control, and Dynamics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 PWM Two-level Converter Average Model 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Converter Model in an ABC Frame 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Converter Model in the ABC Frame Including Blocked State 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Two-level PWM Converter Model in DQ Frame 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 VSC Converter Transformer Model 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Two-level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in the ABC Frame 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Two-level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in a DQ Rotating Coordinate Frame 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 VSC Converter Control Principles 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 The Inner Current Controller Design 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.1 Control Strategy 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.2 Decoupling Control 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.3 Current Feedback Control 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.4 Controller Gains 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Outer Controller Design 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8.1 AC Voltage Control 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8.2 Power Control 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8.3 DC Voltage Control 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8.4 AC Grid Support 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Complete Two-level VSC Converter Controller 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10 Small Signal Linearised VSC HVDC Model 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11 Small Signal Dynamic Studies 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11.1 Dynamics of Weak AC Systems 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11.2 Impact of PLL Gains on Robustness 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Two-level VSC HVDC Phasor-domain Interaction with AC Systems and PQ Operating Diagrams 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Power Exchange Between Two AC Voltage Sources 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Converter Phasor Model and Power Exchange with an AC System 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Phasor Study of VSC Converter Interaction with AC System 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Test System 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Assumptions and Converter Limits 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Case 1: Converter Voltages Are Known 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Case 2: Converter Currents are Known 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 Case 3: PCC Voltage is Known 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Operating Limits 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Design Point Selection 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Influence of AC System Strength 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Influence of AC System Impedance Angle (\u003ci\u003eX\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e\/\u003ci\u003eR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e) 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Influence of Transformer Reactance 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Influence of Converter Control Modes 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Operation with Very Weak AC Systems 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Half Bridge MMC: Dimensioning, Modelling, Control, and Interaction with AC System \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Basic Equations and Steady-state Control 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Steady-state Dimensioning 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Half Bridge MMC Non-linear Average Dynamic Model 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Non-linear Average Value Model Including Blocked State 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 HB MMC HVDC Start-up and Charging MMC Cells 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 HB MMC Dynamic DQ Frame Model and Phasor Model 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.1 Assumptions 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.2 Zero Sequence Model 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.3 Fundamental Frequency Model in DQ Frame 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.4 Second Harmonic Model in the D2Q2 Coordinate Frame 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Second Harmonic of Differential Current 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Complete MMC Converter DQ Model in Matrix Form 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Second-harmonic Circulating Current Suppression Controller 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Simplified DQ Frame Model with Circulating Current Controller 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Phasor Model of MMC with Circulating Current Suppression Controller 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Simplified Dynamic MMC Model Using Equivalent Series Capacitor C\u003csub\u003eMMC \u003c\/sub\u003e296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Full Dynamic Analytical HB MMC Model 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.14 HB MMC Controller and Arm Voltage Control 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.15 MMC Total Series Reactance and Comparison with Two-level VSC 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.16 MMC Interaction with AC System and PQ Operating Diagrams 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Full Bridge MMC Converter: Dimensioning, Modelling, and Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e309\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 FB MMC Arm Voltage Range 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Full Bridge MMC Converter Non-linear Average Model 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 FB MMC Non-linear Average Model Including Blocked State 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Full Bridge MMC Cell Charging 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Hybrid MMC Design 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.1 Operation Under Low DC Voltage 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.2 Overmodulation Requirements 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.3 Cell Voltage Balancing Under Low DC Voltage 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.4 Optimal Design of Full Bridge MMC 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Full Bridge MMC DC Voltage Variation Using a Detailed Model 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 FB MMC Analytical Dynamic DQ Model 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.1 Zero Sequence Model 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.2 Fundamental Frequency Model 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Simplified FB MMC Model 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 FB MMC Converter Controller 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 MMC Converter Under Unbalanced Conditions \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 MMC Balancing Controller Structure 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Balancing Between Phases (Horizontal Balancing) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Balancing Between Arms (Vertical Balancing) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Simulation of Balancing Controls 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Operation with Unbalanced AC Grid 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6.1 Detecting Positive and Negative Sequence Components 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6.2 Controlling Grid Current Sequence Components with MMC 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 VSC HVDC Under AC and DC Fault Conditions \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Faults on the AC System 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 DC Faults with Two-level VSC 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Influence of DC Capacitors 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 VSC Converter Modelling Under DC Faults and VSC Diode Bridge 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 VSC Diode Bridge Average Model 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.2 Phasor Model of VSC Diode Bridge Under DC Fault 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.3 Simple Expression for VSC Diode Bridge Steady-state Fault Current Magnitude 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 VSC Converter Mode Transitions as DC Voltage Reduces 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 DC Faults with Half Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Full Bridge MMC Under DC Faults 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 VSC HVDC Application For AC Grid Support and Operation with Passive AC Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e359\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 VSC HVDC High Level Controls and AC Grid Support 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 HVDC Embedded Inside an AC Grid 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 HVDC Connecting Two Separate AC Grids 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 HVDC in Parallel with AC 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Operation with a Passive AC System and Black Start Capability 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 VSC HVDC Operation with Offshore Wind Farms 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 VSC HVDC Supplying Power Offshore and Driving a MW-Size Variable Speed Motor 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBibliography Part II: Voltage Source Converter HVDC \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e366\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III DC Transmission Grids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e371\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Introduction to DC Grids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e373\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 DC versus AC Transmission 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Terminology 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 DC Grid Planning, Topology, and Power Transfer Security 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Technical Challenges 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 DC Grid Building by Multiple Manufacturers – Interoperability 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Economic Aspects 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 DC Grids with Line Commutated Converters \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Multiterminal LCC HVDC 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Italy–Corsica–Sardinia Multiterminal HVDC Link 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Connecting the LCC Converter to a DC Grid 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.1 Power Reversal 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.2 DC Faults 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.3 AC Faults 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Control of LCC Converters in DC Grids 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Control of LCC DC Grids Through DC Voltage Droop Feedback 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Managing LCC DC Grid Faults 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Reactive Power Issues 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 Employing LCC Converter Stations in Established DC Grids 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 DC Grids with Voltage Source Converters and Power Flow Model \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e389\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Connecting a VSC Converter to a DC Grid 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1.1 Power Reversal and Control 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1.2 DC Faults 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1.3 AC Faults 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Multiterminal VSC HVDC Operating in China 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 DC Grid Power Flow Model 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 DC Grid Power Flow Under DC Faults 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 DC Grid Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e399\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Fast Local VSC Converter Control in DC Grids 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 DC Grid Dispatcher with Remote Communication 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary DC Grid Control 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 DC Voltage Droop Control for VSC Converters in DC Grids 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Three-level Control for VSC Converters with Dispatcher Droop 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6.1 Three-level Control for VSC Converters 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6.2 Dispatcher Controller 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Power Flow Algorithm When DC Powers are Regulated 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Power Flow and Control Study of CIGRE DC Grid Test System 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.1 CIGRE DC Grid Test System 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.2 Power Flow After Outage of the Largest Terminal 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 DC Circuit Breakers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e417\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Challenges with DC Circuit Opening 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.1 DC Current Commutation 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.2 DC Current Suppression and Dissipation of Energy 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 DC CB Operating Principles and a Simple Model 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 DC CB Performance Requirements 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4.1 Opening Speed 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4.2 DC CB Ratings and Series Inductors 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4.3 Bidirectional Current Interruption 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4.4 Multiple Open\/close Operations in a Short Time 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4.5 Losses, Size, and Weight 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4.6 Standardisation 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Practical HV DC CBs 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Mechanical DC CB 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.1 Operating Principles and Construction 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.2 Mathematical Model and Design Principles 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.3 Test Circuit for DC CB Simulation 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.4 Simulation of DC Fault Clearing 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.5 Negative Fault Current Interruption 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.6 Multiple Open\/close Operations in a Short Time 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6.7 Mechanical DC CB for High Voltages 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Semiconductor-based DC CB 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7.1 Topology and Design 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7.2 Self-protection of Semiconductor Valves 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7.3 Simulation of Fault Current Interruption 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Hybrid DC CB 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8.1 Topology and Design 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8.2 Hybrid DC CB for High Voltages 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8.3 Simulation of Fault Current Interruption 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8.4 Bidirectional Operation 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8.5 Fault Current Limiting 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 DC Grid Fault Management and Protection System \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e441\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Fault Current Components in DC Grids 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 DC System Protection Coordination with AC System Protection 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 DC Grid Protection System Development 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 DC Grid Protection System Based on Local Measurements 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5.1 Protection Based on DC Current and Current Differential 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5.2 Rate of Change of Voltage Protection 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Blocking MMC Converters Under DC Faults 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7 Differential DC Grid Protection Strategy 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8 Selective Protection for Star-topology DC Grids 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9 DC Grids with DC Fault-tolerant VSC Converters 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9.1 Grid Topology and Strategy 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9.2 VSC Converter with Increased AC Coupling Reactors 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9.3 LCL VSC Converter 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9.4 VSC Converter with Fault Current Limiter 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.10 DC Grids with Full Bridge MMC Converters 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 High Power DC\/DC Converters and DC Power Flow Controlling Devices \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e465\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Power Flow Control Using Series Resistors 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Low-stepping-ratio DC\/DC Converters (DC Choppers) 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.1 Converter Topology 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.2 Converter Controller 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.3 DC\/DC Chopper Average Value Model 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.4 H-Bridge DC\/DC Chopper 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Non-isolated MMC-based DC\/DC Converter (M2DC) 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.1 Introduction 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.2 Modelling and Design 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.3 Design Example and Comparison with MMC AC\/DC 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.4 Controller Design 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.5 Simulation Responses 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 DC\/DC Converters with DC Polarity Reversal 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6 High-stepping-ratio Isolated DC\/DC Converter (Dual Active Bridge DC\/DC) 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6.1 Introduction 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6.2 Modelling and Control 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6.3 Simulated Responses 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7 High-stepping-ratio LCL DC\/DC Converter 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8 Building DC Grids with DC\/DC Converters 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9 DC Hubs 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.10 Developing DC Grids Using DC Hubs 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.11 North Sea DC Grid Topologies 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBibliography Part III: DC Transmission Grids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e500\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A Variable Notations \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e503\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B Analytical Background to Rotating DQ Frame \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e505\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Transforming AC Variables to a DQ Frame 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 Derivative of an Oscillating Signal in a DQ Frame 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3 Transforming an AC System Dynamic Equation to a DQ Frame 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.4 Transforming an \u003ci\u003en\u003c\/i\u003e-Order State Space AC System Model to a DQ Frame 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.5 Static (Steady-state) Modeling in a Rotating DQ Coordinate Frame 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.6 Representing the Product of Oscillating Signals in a DQ Frame 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.7 Representing Power in DQ Frame 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix C System Modeling Using Complex Numbers and Phasors \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e515\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix D Simulink Examples \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e517\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.1 Chapter 3 Examples 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.2 Chapter 5 Examples 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.3 Chapter 6 Examples 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.4 Chapter 8 Examples 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.5 Chapter 14 Examples 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.6 Chapter 16 Examples 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD.7 Chapter 17 Examples 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 535\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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