{"product_id":"heavy-metal-toxicity-and-tolerance-in-plants-9781119906469","title":"Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEditor Biographies xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Plant Response and Tolerance to Heavy Metal Toxicity: An Overview of Chemical Biology, Omics Studies, and Genetic Engineering 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLovely Mahawar, Sakshi Pandey, Aparna Pandey, and Sheo Mohan Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Plant–Metal Interaction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Morphoanatomical Responses 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Physiological Responses 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Biochemical Responses 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Molecular Responses 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Mechanisms to Tolerate Heavy Metal Toxicity 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Avoidance 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.1 Mycorrhizal Association 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.2 Root Exudates 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Sequestration 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Important Strategies for the Enhancement of Metal Tolerance 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Omics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.1 Genomics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.2 Transcriptomics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.3 Proteomics 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.4 Metabolomics 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.5 Ionomics 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.6 miRNAomics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.7 Metallomics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Genetic Engineering 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.1 CRISPR Technology 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.2 Plastid Transformation 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.3 Gene Silencing 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Advanced Techniques in Omics Research in Relation to Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 35\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Raza, Shanza Bashir , Hajar Salehi , Monica Jamla, Sidra Charagh, Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad, and Mohammad Anwar Hossain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 An Overview of Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Toxicity 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 How the Integration of Multi-omics Data Sets Helps in Studying the Heavy Metal Stress Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms? 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 The Contribution of State-of-the-Art Genomics-Assisted Breeding 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Transcriptomics 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Proteomics 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Metabolomics 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 miRNAomics 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Phenomics 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Heavy Metals\/Metalloids in Food Crops and Their Implications for Human Health 59\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShihab Uddin, Hasina Afroz, Mahmud Hossain, Jessica Briffa, Renald Blundell, and Md. Rafiqul Islam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Arsenic 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Sources and Forms 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Food Chain Contamination 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Toxicology Processes 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Remedial Options 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Cadmium 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Sources and Forms 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Food Chain Contamination 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Toxicology Processes 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Remedial Options 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Lead 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Sources and Forms 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Food Chain Contamination 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Toxicology Processes 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Remedial Options 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Chromium 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Sources and Forms 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Food Chain Contamination 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Toxicology Processes 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Remedial Options 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Mercury 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Sources and Forms 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Food Chain Contamination 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Toxicology Processes 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Remedial Options 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Conclusions 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Aluminum Stress Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Approaches 87\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRicha Srivastava, Ayan Sadhukhan, and Hiroyuki Koyama\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Exploration of Al Tolerance QTLs 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Al Tolerance from Natural Variation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Identification of Novel Al Tolerance Genes Through Genome-Wide Association Studies 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Exploring Expression Level Polymorphisms to Identify Upstream Al Signaling 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Identify Novel Al Tolerance Genes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Identification of Al Tolerance Genes from Proteomics 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Breeding Approaches for Aluminum Toxicity Tolerance in Rice and Wheat 105\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBuu Chi Bui and Lang Thi Nguyen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Plant Signaling 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Rice Genetic Mapping 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Linkage Mapping 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Association Mapping 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Root Transcriptome 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Wheat Genetic Mapping 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Wheat MATE Gene Family 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Wheat Proteomics 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Chromium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSonali Dubey, Manju Shri, and Debasis Chakrabarty\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Chromium Sources and Bioavailability 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Chromium Uptake, Translocation, and Sub-cellular Distribution in plants 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Detoxification Mechanisms for Cr 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Omics Approaches Used by Plants to Combat Cr Toxicity 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Transcriptomics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Chromium-Induced miRNAs in Plants 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Metabolomics 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Proteomics 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Phytoremediation of Cr Metal by Plants 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Phytoremediation Approach for Cr Detoxification 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Other Strategies Involved in Cr Remediation 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Phytostabilization\/Phytoextraction for Cr Decontamination 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Manganese Toxicity and Tolerance in Photosynthetic Organisms and Breeding Strategy for Improving Manganese Tolerance in Crop Plants: Physiological and Omics Approach Perspectives 141\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDaisuke Takagi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Change in Mn Availability Within the Soil 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Why Should We Consider the Occurrence of Mn Toxicity in Plants? Possible Threats of Mn Toxicity in Agricultural Land 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The History of Mn Toxicity 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 The Features of Mn Toxicity in Terrestrial Plants and Possible Molecular Mechanisms 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 The Mechanisms of Emergence of Brownish Patchy Spots in Leaves: The Apoplastic Mn Toxicity 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 The Mechanisms of Foliar Chlorosis Under Excess Mn: Symplastic Mn Toxicity 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Breeding Strategy for Overcoming the Future Threat of Excess Mn Conditions 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Limiting Mn Absorption from Soil to Root 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Sequestration of Mn from Cytosol to the Vacuole or Apoplast 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Maintenance of Auxin Homeostasis 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 The Reinforcement of Silicon Uptake and Its Distribution 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Iron Excess Toxicity and Tolerance in Crop Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMay Sann Aung and Hiroshi Masuda\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Iron Uptake and Translocation Mechanism in Plants 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Importance of Iron in Living Organisms 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Fe Acquisition Systems in Plants 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Fe Translocation Mechanisms in Plants 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fe Excess Toxicity in Plants 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Fe Excess Toxicity in Global Agriculture 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Causes of Fe Excess Toxicity in Soils and Its Interaction with Plants 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 State of Fe in Soils and Soil pH Effects on Fe Excess Toxicity 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 Soil Improvement Methods to Ameliorate Fe Excess Toxicity 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.3 Soil Water and Drainage Effects on Fe Excess Toxicity 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Effects of Fe Excess Toxicity on Plant Growth 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Crop Defense Mechanisms Against Excess Fe and Genes Regulating Fe Excess 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Defense I: Fe Exclusion from Roots 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Genes Involved in Defense I 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Defense II: Fe Retention in Roots and Suppression of Fe Translocation to Shoots 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Defense III: Fe Compartmentalization in Shoots 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.1 Genes Involved in Defense II and IIi 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.2 Role of YSL4 and YSL6 Transporters in Preventing Fe Excess in Early Plant Development 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Defense IV: ROS Detoxification 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4.1 Genes Involved in Defense IV 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4.2 GLY1 as a Detoxifying Agent 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Research Outlook on Fe Excess Response of Plants 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Regulation of Fe homeostasis in Plants in Response to Fe Excess Stress 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Transcription Factors 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Cis-Regulatory Elements 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclosures 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Molecular Breeding for Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDorothy A. Onyango, Mathew M. Dida, Khady N. Drame, Benson O. Nyongesa, and Kayode A. Sanni\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Role of Iron in Plants and Rice 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Iron Toxicity and Its Effects on Rice 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Iron Toxicity Tolerance Mechanisms in Rice Plants 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Fe Exclusion from Roots 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Fe Retention in Roots and Suppression of Fe Translocation to Shoots 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Fe Compartmentalization in Shoots 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 ROS Detoxification 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Candidate Genes Involved in the Mechanisms of Fe Toxicity 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Genetic Variants for Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice Germplasm 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Molecular Breeding for Fe Toxicity Tolerance in Rice 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Cobalt Induced Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Approaches 207\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbdul Salam, Muhammad Siddique Afridi, Ali Raza Khan, Wardah Azhar, Yang Shuaiqi, Zaid Ulhassan, Jiaxuan Qi, Nu Xuo, Yang Chunyan, Nana Chen, and Yinbo Gan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Plant Response to Cobalt Stress 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Uptake and Translocation of Cobalt in Plants 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Cobalt-Induced ROS Generation and Their Damaging Effects 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 ROS-Induced Lipid Peroxidation 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 ROS-Induced Damage to Genetic Material 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Cobalt-Induced Plant Antioxidant Defense System 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.2 Catalases (CAT) 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.3 Glutathione Peroxidases (GPX) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.4 Glutathione Reductase (GR) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.1 Ascorbic Acid 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.2 Tocopherols 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.3 Reduced Glutathione (GSH) 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Omics Approaches in Cobalt Stress Tolerance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Transcriptomic 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Metabolomics 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Proteomics 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Nickel Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 231\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSondes Helaoui, Marouane Mkhinini, Iteb Boughattas, Noureddine Bousserrhine, and Mohamed Banni\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Sources of Ni 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Natural Sources of Ni 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Ni 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Role of Ni in Plants 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Ni Uptake and Accumulation in Plants 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Ni Toxicity in Plants 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Growth Inhibition 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Photosynthesis Inhibition of Ni 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Induction of Oxidative Stress 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Tolerance Mechanisms 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Omics Approaches in Ni Stress Tolerance 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Transcriptomics 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Proteomics 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Metabolomics 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Conclusion 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Copper Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 251\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMoreira A, Moraes LAC, Delfim JJ, and Moreti LG\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Copper in Plants 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Functions of Copper 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Uptake, Transport, Distribution, and Remobilization Mechanisms 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Deficient, Sufficient, and Toxic Levels of Copper in Plants 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Copper Sources: Fertilizers and Fungicides 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Omics Approaches for Cu Responses and Tolerance in Plants 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Genomics 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Transcriptomics 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Proteomics 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Metabolomics 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 miRNAomics 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Concluding Remarks 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Zinc Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eImran Haider Shamsi, Qichun Zhang, Zhengxin Ma, Sibgha Noreen, Muhammad Salim Akhter, Ummar Iqbal, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad Fazal Karim, and Najeeb Ullah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Zinc Uptake and Translocation Mechanisms in Plants 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Transporters and Metal-Binding Compounds Involved in Zinc Homeostasis 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Impact of Excess Zinc on Physio-genetics Aspects of Plants 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Seed Germination and Growth of Plants 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Oxidative Metabolism in Plants 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Effect of Zn Toxicity on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Plants Stress Adaptation to Zinc Toxicity 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Multi-omics Approaches for Zinc Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Genomics and Metabolomics 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Proteomics and Transcriptomics 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 miRNA Omics and CRISPR\/Cas9 System 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 293\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarsha Majumder, Palin Sil, and Asok K. Biswas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Occurrence and Distribution of As in the Environment 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Arsenic Uptake, Accumulation, and Detoxification in Plants 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Uptake of Inorganic Arsenic 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Uptake of Methylated Arsenic 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Arsenic Accumulation and Detoxification 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Arsenic Methylation and Volatilization 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Influence of Arsenic on Phytotoxicity 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Germination and Growth 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Nutrient Uptake 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Defense 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Photosynthesis 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.6 Respiration 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.7 Carbohydrate Metabolism 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.8 Nitrogen Metabolism 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Modulation in “Omics” Profiling Under As Challenged Environment 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Genomic Profiling 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Transcriptomic Profiling 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Proteomic Profiling 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Metabolomic Profiling 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Progress in Molecular Biotechnology to Evolve As-Tolerant Plants 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Selenium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 323\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Kıyak, Selman Uluısık, Ertugrul Filiz, and Firat Kurt\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Selenium Toxicity in Plants 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Se-Induced Protein Malformation 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 ROS-Induced Se Phytotoxicity 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Selenium Tolerance in Plants 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Selenium Biofortification in Plants 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusion 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Breeding for Rice Cultivars with Low Cadmium Accumulation 335\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eli Tang, Yaokui li, Yan Peng, Bigang Mao, Ye Shao, Zhongying Ji, and Bingran Zhao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Cd Accumulation in Rice 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Cd Uptake 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Radial Transport and Xylem Loading 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Distribution of Cd in Shoots 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Transgenic Approach for Breeding Low-Cd Rice 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Traditional Transgenic Technology 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Genome-Editing Technology 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Mutation Breeding for Low-Cd Rice Cultivars 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding for Low-Cd Rice Cultivars 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Future Perspectives 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Mercury Toxicity: Plant Response and Tolerance 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArifin Sandhi, Abu Bakar Siddique, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Global Mercury Pollution 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Mercury Uptake and Toxicity in Plants 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Existence of Differential Plant Response to Hg Stress 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Plant Morphological Responses 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Plant Anatomical Responses 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Cellular Responses 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Plant Photosynthetic Response 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Enzymatic and Metabolic Responses 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.6 Plant Hormonal Responses 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.7 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Responses 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Plant Tolerance Mechanisms 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Chelation 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Enzymatic and Antioxidative Tolerance 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Hormonal Regulations 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.4 miRNA-Mediated Tolerance 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Phytoremediation Prospects 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Conclusion 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Lead Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 373\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSayyeda Hira Hassan, Yassine Chafik, Manhattan Lebrun, Gabriella Sferra, Sylvain Bourgerie, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, Domenico Morabito, and Dalila Trupiano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Omics’ Contribution in Uncovering Molecular Alterations in Plants Under Pb Exposure 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Genetics and Epigenetics Regulations of Pb Toxicity and Tolerance 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 The Role of Plant Cell Wall, Cell Signaling, and Transduction 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Pb-Binding Proteins\/Transporters and Their Involvement in Tolerance 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Pb-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Mechanisms 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Metabolic Pathways Associated with Pb Tolerance 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.1 Sugar\/Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolic Pathway 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.2 Phenylpropanoid Pathway 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.3 Sulfur-Related Pathway and Phytohormones 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Interaction of Heavy Metal with Drought\/Salinity Stress in Plants 407\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZiqian Li, Wentao Chen, Qianlong Tan, Yuanyuan Hou, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Baber Iqbal, and Yong li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Zinc (Zn) 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Cadmium (Cd) 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Aluminium (Al) 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.4 Other Metals 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Photosynthesis 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Antioxidant System 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Conclusions and Prospects 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Hormonal Regulation of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Crop Plants 425\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eÉderson Akio Kido, Gizele de Andrade Luz, Valquíria da Silva, Maria Fernanda da Costa Gomes, and José Ribamar Costa Ferreira Neto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 General Aspects of Plants Under HM Stress 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Phytohormone-Mediating Plant Response to HM Stress 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Abscisic Acid 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Auxin 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Brassinosteroid 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Cytokinin 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.5 Ethylene 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.6 Gibberellin 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.7 Jasmonate 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.8 Melatonin (MT) 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.9 Salicylic Acid (SA) 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.10 Strigolactone (SL) 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Crosstalk of Phytohormones in Plants Responding to Heavy Metals 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Final Considerations 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Heavy-Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal Formation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eand Detoxification in Crop Plants: Modulation of Tolerance by Exogenous Chemical Compounds 461\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBeatrycze Nowicka, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Sheikh Mahfuja Khatun, Jannatul Naim, Ahmed Khairul Hasan, and Mohammad Anwar Hossain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Heavy-Metal-Induced ROS and Methylglyoxal Production in Plant Cells 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Detoxification of ROS and Methylglyoxal in Plant Cells 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Exogenous Chemical-Compounds-Mediated Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Tolerance in Crop Plants 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Biochar Amendments in Soils and Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crop Plants 493\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAgnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek and Bhakti Jadhav\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Heavy Metal Immobilization Mechanisms on Biochar 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Heavy Metal Immobilization Through Soil pH Modification 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Biochar Interactions Through Rhizosphere 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Effect on Plant Root Development 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Changes in Elements Uptake from Rhizosphere 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Biochar-Induced Plant Respond to Metal Stress 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Biochar Induces Changes in Photosynthetic Activity 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Biochar Induces Changes in Antioxidant and Phytohormone Activity 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Biochar as a Source of Specific Chemical Compounds Affecting Heavy Metal Uptake By Plants 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Effect of Biochar on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Different Crops 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Effect of Biochar Type on Heavy Metal Immobilization 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Their Metabolites: Clean and Green Approaches to Deal with Heavy Metal Toxicity 513\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eImtinen Sghaier, Ameur Cherif, and Mohamed Neifar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Chemical Fertilizers and Their Impacts 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Atmospheric Ecosystem 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Aquatic Ecosystem 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Plants 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 PGPR and Biofertilization Traits 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Acquisition of Nutrients 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Production of Siderophores 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.3 Production of Exopolysaccharides 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Resistance to Abiotic Stress 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Biostimulation Potential and PGPR 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Biocontrol Potential and PGPR 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 PGPR and Heavy Metal Bioremediation 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Applications of Nanotechnology for Improving Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 533\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMeng Jiang, Yue Song, Mukesh Kumar Kanwar, and Jie Zhou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Impacts of NPs on the HM Stress in Plants 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Silicon 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.2 Selenium 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.3 Iron 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.4 Zinc Oxide 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.5 Titanium Dioxide 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.6 Cerium Dioxide 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Mechanisms of NPs to Mitigate the Toxicity of HM 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Summary and Prospect 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 The Dynamics of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: Recent Progress and Future Perspective 553\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eImran Haider Shamsi, Xiaoli Jin, Xin Zhang, Qidong Feng, Zakir Ibrahim, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad Fazal Karim, and Najeeb Ullah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1 Types of Phytoremediation 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1.1 Phytostabilization 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1.2 Phytovolatalization 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1.3 Phytoextraction 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2 Modified Concept 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2.1 Chemical-Assisted Phytoremediation Employing Non-hyperaccumulator Plants 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2.2 Biochar-Assisted Phytoremediation 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2.3 Microbial-Assisted Phytoremediation 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Importance of Phytoremediation 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Role of Phytoremediation as a Sustainable Solution 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Biophilic Design as Phytoremediation in Urban Sustainability 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.1 Eco-Design 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2 Biophilic Design 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.1 Hypothesis of Biophilic 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.2 Dimensions of Biophilic Design 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.3 Direct Experience of Nature 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.4 Indirect Experience of Nature 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.5 Experience of Place and Space 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2.6 Sustainable Biophilic Cities 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.3 Health Benefits 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.4 Biophilic as an Antidepressant in Urban Environment 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.5 Economic Benefits 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.6 Sustainability and Resilience 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Conclusion 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Future Perspective 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Genetic Engineering for Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 573\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohammad Anwar Hossain, Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif , Sopnil Ahmed Jahin, Abu Bakar Siddique, Mumtarin Haque Mim, Sharif-Ar-Raffi, Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, and Beatrycze Nowicka\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Tolerance in Plants 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Strategies for Improving Metal\/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Transgenic Plants and Heavy Metal\/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Sulfur Metabolism Engineering and Heavy Metal Tolerance 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.2 Glyoxalase Pathway Genes and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.3 Enhanced Antioxidant Defense and Heavy Metal Tolerance 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4 Phytochelatin and Metallothionein Genes and Heavy Metal Tolerance 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.5 Metal Ion Transporter Genes\/Proteins and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 CRISPR\/Cas System and Heavy Metal Tolerance Development 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 593\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407188369751,"sku":"9781119906469","price":189.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119906469.jpg?v=1730498486","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/heavy-metal-toxicity-and-tolerance-in-plants-9781119906469","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}