{"product_id":"handbook-of-concentrator-photovoltaic-technology-9781118472965","title":"Handbook of Concentrator Photovoltaic Technology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eConcentrator Photovoltaics (CPV) is one of the most promising technologies to produce solar electricity at competitive prices. High performing CPV systems with efficiencies well over 30% and multi-megawatt CPV plants are now a reality.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Direct Normal Radiation 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDaryl R. Myers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Concepts and Definitions 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Orbital and Geometrical Considerations 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 The Solar Constant 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Temporal Variations in Extraterrestrial Radiation (ETR) 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Extraterrestrial Radiation Spectral Power Distribution 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 The Atmospheric Filter 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Measuring Broadband Direct Solar Radiation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Pyrheliometers 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Rotating Shadow Band Radiometers 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Reference Standards, the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Calibration of Pyrheliometers 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Accuracy and Uncertainty 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Summary of Guide to Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) Approach 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Measurement Data Quality 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Modeling Broadband Direct Solar Radiation 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Models for Direct Beam Irradiance 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Atmospheric Component Transmittance 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Estimating Direct Beam Radiation from Hemispherical Data 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Modeling Spectral Distributions 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Bird Simple Spectral Model (SPCTRL2) 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Simple Model for Atmospheric Transmission of Sunshine (SMARTS) 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Spectral Distributions from Broadband Data 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Resources for Broadband Estimates of CPV Performance 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Broadband Direct Beam Radiation Data Resources 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Typical Meteorological Year Data for CPV Performance Estimates 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 CPV Spectral Performance Issues 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Sunshape 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 The Solar Disk 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Circumsolar Radiation 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Recent Circumsolar Radiation Research 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Direct Solar Radiation Climates 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Measurement Networks and Data 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Concentrating Solar Power Site Selection 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.3 Concentrating Solar Power Resource Map Examples 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.4 Solar Resource Maps and Data Internet Resources 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Consensus Standards for Direct Solar Radiation Applications 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 World Radiometric Reference 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Solar Radiometric Instrumentation Calibration 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Spectral Calibration Standards 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 Standard and Reference Spectral Distributions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Concentrator Multijunction Solar Cells 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIgnacio Rey-Stolle, Jerry M. Olson, and Carlos Algora\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Fundamentals 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Cells 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Fundamentals of Multijunction Solar Cells 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Multijunction Solar Cell Structures 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Historical Development of Multijunction PV Converters 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Designing Multijunction Solar Cell Structures 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Multijunction Solar Cell Modeling 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Numerical Modeling of Multijunction Solar Cell Structures 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Analytical Modeling of Multijunction Solar Cells 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Further Steps: Distributed Circuit-based Modeling 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Concentrator Requirements 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 High Efficiency 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Series Resistance. Grid Designs 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Tunnel Junctions 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Distributed Effects 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Atmospheric Spectral Variations and Impact on Energy Yield 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.6 Temperature Effects 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Description of Different Cell Approaches 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Lattice-matched GaInP\/GaAs\/Ge 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Metamorphic GaInP\/GaInAs\/Ge 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Inverted Metamorphic GaInP\/GaAs\/GaInAs 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Double Sided Epi 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Lattice Matched GaInP\/GaAs\/GaInNAs 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Quantum Dot and Quantum Well Multijunction Solar Cells 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.7 More Junctions (4, 5, 6) 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.8 Stacked Multijunction Cells 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.9 III-Vs on Silicon 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.10 Epitaxial Liftoff 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Emerging High Efficiency Concepts for Concentrator Solar Cells 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIgnacio Tobías and Antonio Luque\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Thermodynamic Efficiency Limits 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Disequilibria and Energy Conversion in Solar Cells 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Thermodynamic Efficiencies 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Detailed Balance Modeling of Solar Cells 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Shockley–Queisser Model of a Solar Cell 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 The System with Infinite Monochromatic Solar Cells 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Solar Cell Concepts Exceeding the Single Junction Shockley–Queisser Limit 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Multijunction Solar Cells 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Hot Carrier Solar Cells 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Carrier Multiplication or Multi-Exciton Generation Solar Cells 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Intermediate Band Solar Cells 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Other Concepts 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Light Management for High Efficiency Photovoltaics 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Spectrum Conversion 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Nanostructures in Solar Cells 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Electron States in Nanostructures 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Light Absorption by Nanostructures 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Relaxation, Capture and Recombination in Nanostructures 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Nanostructures for Multijunction Solar Cells 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Fabrication Techniques 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 CPV Optics 187\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRubén Mohedano and Ralf Leutz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Light, Optics and Concentration 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Light and Optics 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Optics for Concentration Photovoltaics 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Optical Background 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Basic Concepts in Geometrical Optics 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Basic Concepts in Nonimaging Optics 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Design of the Optical Train: Calculation of Surfaces 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Types of Concentrators as a Function of Concentration Level 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Design Examples 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Secondary Optical Elements: Design Details 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Performance Analysis and Optimization of the Optical Train 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Efficiency. Sources of Losses 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Ray Trace Modeling 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Optics Manufacturing 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Optical Materials for CPV 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Tolerance Budget 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Manufacturing of Primary Optical Elements 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Manufacturing of Secondary Optic Elements 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Impact of CPV Optics in a Nutshell 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnex 4-I: Étendue Calculation 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnex 4-II: 2D Treatment of Rotational and Linear 3D Optical Systems 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnex 4-III: Design of the XR Concentrator 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Temperature Effects on CPV Solar Cells, Optics and Modules 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIván García, Marta Victoria, and Ignacio Antón\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Effects of Temperature on CPV Solar Cells 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Dependence of the Bandgap on Temperature 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Dependence of the Solar Cell Parameters on Temperature 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Influence of Concentration on the Sensitivity to Temperature 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Experimental Measurements on Real Solar Cells 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Summary of Temperature Effects in CPV Multijunction Solar Cells 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Temperature Effects and Thermal Management in CPV Optics and Modules 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Temperature Effects on CPV Optics and Modules 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Thermal Coefficients of CPV Modules 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Heat Extraction Strategies 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 CPV Tracking and Trackers 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIgnacio Luque-Heredia, Pedro Magalhães, and Matthew Muller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Requirements and Specifications 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Basic Taxonomy of CPV Trackers 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Design of CPV Trackers – Structural Considerations 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Sun Tracking Control 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Background 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 The Autocalibrated Sun Tracking Control Unit 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Sun Tracking Accuracy 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 The Tracking Accuracy Sensor 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 The Monitoring System 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Accuracy Assessment: Example of the Autocalibrated Tracking Strategy 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Designing for Optimal Manufacturing and Field Works 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Manufacturing Considerations 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Field Works Considerations 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Description and Performance of Current Tracker Approaches 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Parabolic Trough 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Single-Pole Az.-El. Trackers 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Tilt-Roll Trackers 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4 Carrousel Trackers 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.5 Variations to Main Architectures in the Field 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 International Standards for Solar Trackers 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 CPV Modules 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen Askins and Gabriel Sala Pano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 What is a CPV Module? 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Definition, Functions, and Structure of a CPV Module 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Functions of a CPV Module 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 General Terms and Definitions 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Structure of a CPV Module 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Design Process and Prototyping Stages 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Concentration Ratio and Cell Size 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Concentration Ratio 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Cell Size Selection 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Module Size and Length 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Market Survey 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Opto-Mechanics of CPV Modules 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Acceptance Angle 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Acceptance Angle Budget 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 External Tolerances 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Internal Tolerances 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Electrical Design 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Module Voltages and Dielectric Strength 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Series Connections and Bypass Diodes 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Parallel Connections and Blocking Diodes 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Thermal Design 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Target Cell Temperature 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Simplified Thermal Model 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Venting Considerations 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Manufacturing Processes for CPV Modules 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.1 Chassis and Backplane Fabrication 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.2 Heat Sink Fabrication 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.3 Module Assembly 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Standards Applicable to CPV Modules 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 7-I: Abengoa’s CPV Modules and Systems 406\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJosé A. Pérez, Sebastián Caparrós, Justo Albarrán, and Antonio de Dios\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 7-II: CPV Modules and Systems from Daido Steel 413\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKenji Araki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 7-III: Soitec CPV Modules and Systems 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrancisca Rubio, Sven T. Wanka, and Andreas Gombert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 7-IV: Suncore Photovoltaics’ CPV Modules 426\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJames Foresi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 CPV Power Plants 433\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaría Martínez, Daniel Sánchez, Francisca Rubio, Eduardo F. Fernández, Florencia Almonacid, Norman Abela, Tobias Zech, and Tobias Gerstmaier\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Construction of CPV Plants 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Preliminary Works 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Basic Engineering Study 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Detailed Engineering 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Construction Phase 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 CPV Inverters: Configurations and Sizing 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Types of Configurations 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Sizing of the Inverter 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Optimized Distribution of Trackers 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 State of the Art 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Procedure for Optimizing the Distribution of Trackers 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Considerations of Environmental Impact and Dual Use of the Land 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 CPV Plant Monitoring and Production Data Analysis 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Monitoring System: Registering the Operating Parameters 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Monitoring System: Controlling a CPV Plant 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Analysis of Production Data 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Operation and Maintenance 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Operation 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Maintenance 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Power Rating of a CPV Plant 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 ISFOC Approach 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 International ASTM Standards 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.3 International IEC Standards 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Modeling the Energy Production of CPV Power Plants 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1 Basic Models 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.2 Input Data and Quality Checks 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.3 Loss Mechanisms 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 8-I: Software Tools for CPV Plant Design and Analysis 491\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 8-II: CPV Power Plants at ISFOC 501\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaría Martínez, Daniel Sánchez, Óscar de la Rubia, and Francisca Rubio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnex 8-III: Soitec Power Plants 513\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndreas Gombert, Norman Abela, Tobias Gerstmeier, Shelley Bambrook, and Francisca Rubio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Reliability 521\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Algora, Pilar Espinet-Gonzalez, Manuel Vázquez, Nick Bosco, David Miller, Sarah Kurtz, Francisca Rubio, and Robert McConnell\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Fundamentals of Reliability 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Reliability Functions 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Statistical Distribution Functions 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Accelerated Life Tests 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Reliability Versus Qualification 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Reliability of Solar Cells 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Issues in Accelerated Aging Tests in CPV Solar Cells 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Types of Failure 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Failures in Real Time Operation 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Accelerated Life Tests 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Reliability of Similar Devices 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Links Among Degradation Studies, Reliability and Qualification Standards 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Reliability of Modules 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Introduction 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Die-attach 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 CPV Encapsulation 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 CPV Optics 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Other CPV Module Reliability Issues 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Reliability of Systems and Plants 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Performance Degradation in Power Plants 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Failures of Components 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Qualification Tests on Power Plants Components 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Aging Tests 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Standards Development for CPV 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Standards as the Mark of a Mature Industry 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 History of CPV Standards Development 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 CPV Multijunction Solar Cell Characterization 589\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarl R. Osterwald and Gerald Siefer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Basic Concepts About Multijunction Solar Cells for Characterization Purposes 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Review of Multijunction Solar Cell Theory 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Definition of CPV Cell Efficiency 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Current-Voltage as a Function of Concentration 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Spectral Matching and Adjustment 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Isotype Method 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Reference Cell Method 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Rij Method and Linear Equation System Method 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Effects of Subcell Mismatching 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Flash Solar Simulators: Description and Limitations 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Sources and Optics 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Adjusting Total Intensity 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Irradiance Versus Time 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Spectral Irradiance Adjustment 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Spectral Irradiance Measurement 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Concentrator Solar Cell Characterization 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Overview 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Area Measurement 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 External Quantum Efficiency 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 One-Sun Light I-V and One-Sun Short Circuit Current Calibration 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Concentration I-V 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.6 Uncertainty Analysis 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.7 Open Challenges 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Characterization of Optics for Concentrator Photovoltaics 615\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaikel Hernández\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Geometrical Characterization 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Faceted Optics 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Non-faceted Optics 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Optical Characterization 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Measurement of the Optical Efficiency 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 POE Scattering Basic Measurements 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Acceptance Angle Measurement 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Spectral Irradiance Distribution Measurement at the Solar Cell Plane 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Angular Power Distribution at the Solar Cell Plane 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 In-line Characterization of Optics in Production 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Characterization of CPV Modules and Receivers 639\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCésar Domínguez, Rebeca Herrero, and Ignacio Antón\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Figures of Merit of PV Concentrators 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Reporting CPV Module Performance 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Performance Indicators for Concentrator Optics 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Instruments and Methods for CPV Characterization 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Indoors versus Outdoors 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Operating Conditions Relevant to CPV 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Tracker Requirements 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Alignment Procedures 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Rating CPV Module Performance 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Spectral Characterization of CPV Modules and Receivers 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.7 Angular Transmission Curve 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.8 Uncertainties of Instruments and Methods for CPV Characterization 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Indoor Measurements of CPV Modules 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Solar Simulators for CPV Modules 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Reference Sensor 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Caveats on Indoor Measurements 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Angular Transmission Curve: Direct and Inverse Methods 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Uncertainties in the Indoor Measurement of I-V Curves 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Life Cycle Analysis of CPV Systems 685\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eVasilis Fthenakis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Case Study Description 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Methodology 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Production of Materials and Associated Emissions 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Solar Cell Manufacturing 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Primary Energy Demand 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 End-of-Life Processing 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 System Performance Data and Estimates 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Energy Payback Time 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Greenhouse and Toxic Gas Emissions 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Emissions in the Life-Cycle of Amonix 7700 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Reduction of Emissions from PV Replacing Electricity from the Grid 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Land and Water Use in CPV Systems 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Discussion and Comparison with Other CPV and PV Systems 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 Comparison with Other CPV Systems 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 Comparison with Other PV Systems 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnex 13-I: Energy Flow Diagrams for Amonix 7700 System Components 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Cost Analysis 711\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Algora, Diego L. Talavera, and Gustavo Nofuentes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Basic Concepts of Cost and Profitability Analysis 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Elements of the Investment 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Present and Future Worth of Sums. The Impact of Inflation 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 The Discount Rate 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Effect of Inflation 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Impact of Taxation 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.6 Financing 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Review of Profitability Analysis 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 The Life Cycle Cost of a CPV System 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 The Present Worth of the Cash Inflows Generated by a CPV System 717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Assessment of the Profitability of a CPV System 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis on the Profitability of CPV Systems 720\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 The Cost of CPV 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 The Cost of CPV Systems 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of CPV 735\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Towards the CPV Grid Parity 746\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 756\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 759\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528830165335,"sku":"9781118472965","price":107.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118472965.jpg?v=1731873186","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/handbook-of-concentrator-photovoltaic-technology-9781118472965","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}