{"product_id":"handbook-of-composites-from-renewable-materials-nanocomposites-9781119223832","title":"Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThis unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Composites from Renewable Materials \u003c\/i\u003ecomprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The \u003ci\u003eHandbook\u003c\/i\u003e comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers\/ reinforcement\/ fillers and biodegradable materials.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume 8 is solely focused on the \u003ci\u003eNanocomposites: Advanced Applications\u003c\/i\u003e. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Virgin and recycled polymers applied to advanced nanocomposites; biodegr\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Virgin and Recycled Polymers Applied to Advanced Nanocomposites 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuis Claudio Mendes and Sibele Piedade Cestari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Biodegradable Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites for Water and Wastewater Treatments 15\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeoffrey S. Simate\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Introduction 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Starch–Carbon Nanotube Composites 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Cellulose–Carbon Nanotube Composites 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Chitosan–Carbon Nanotubes Composites 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites in Water and Wastewater Treatments 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Concluding Remarks 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Eco-Friendly Nanocomposites of Chitosan with Natural Extracts, Antimicrobial Agents, and Nanometals 35\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIosody Silva-Castro, Pablo Martín-Ramos, Petruta Mihaela Matei, Marciabela Fernandes-Correa, Salvador Hernández-Navarro and Jesús Martín-Gil\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Properties and Formation of Chitosan Oligosaccharides 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Nanomaterials from Renewable Materials 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Chitosan Combined with Biomaterials 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked with Natural Extracts 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Chitosan Co-Polymerized with Synthetic Species 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Synthesis Methods for Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Biological Methods 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Physical Methods 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Chemical Methods 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Analytical Techniques for the Identification of the Composite Materials 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Advanced Applications of Bionanomaterials Based on Chitosan 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Antimicrobial Applications 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Biomedical Applications 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Wound Dressings 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.2 Drug Delivery 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.3 Tissue Engineering 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Food-Related Applications 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Environmental Applications 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4.1 Metal Absorption 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4.2 Wastewater Treatment 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4.3 Agricultural Crops 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Applications in Heritage Preservation 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Conclusions 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Controllable Generation of Renewable Nanofibrils from Green Materials and Their Application in Nanocomposites 61\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJinyou Lin, Xiaran Miao, Xiangzhi Zhang and Fenggang Bian\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Generation of CNF from Jute Fibers 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Experimental Section 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Results and Discussion 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Short Summary 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Controllable Generation of CNF from Jute Fibers 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Experimental Section 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Results and Discussion 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Short Summary 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 CNF Generation from Other Nonwood Fibers 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Experiments Details 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Results and Discussion 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Summary 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Applications in Nanocomposites 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 CNF-Reinforced Polymer Composite 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Surface Coating as Barrier 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Assembled into Microfiber and Film 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications 109\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMing-Guo Ma, Yan-Jun Liu and Yan-Yan Dong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Nanocellulose 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Nanocellulose Composites 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Hydrogels Based on Nanocellulose Composites 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Aerogels Based on Nanocellulose Composites 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Electrode Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Photocatalytic Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Antibacterial Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Sustained Release Applications Based on Nanocellulose Composites 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Sensors Based on the Nanocellulose Composites 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Mechanical Properties 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.9 Biodegradation Properties 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.10 Virus Removal 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.11 Porous Materials 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Summary 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Poly(Lactic Acid) Biopolymer Composites and Nanocomposites for Biomedicals and Biopackaging Applications 135\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS.C. Agwuncha, E.R. Sadiku, I.D. Ibrahim, B.A. Aderibigbe, S.J. Owonubi O. Agboola, A. Babul Reddy, M. Bandla, K. Varaprasad, B.L. Bayode and S.S. Ray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Preparations of PLA 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Biocomposite 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 PLA Biocomposites 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Nanocomposites 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 PLA Nanocomposites 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Biomaterials 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 PLA Biomaterials 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Processing Advantages of PLA Biomaterials 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 PLA as Packaging Materials 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Biomedical Application of PLA 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Medical Implants 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Some Clinical Applications of PLA Devices 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.1 Fibers 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.2 Meshes 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.3 Bone Fixation Devices 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.4 Stress-Shielding Effect 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.5 Piezoelectric Effect 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.6 Screws, Pins, and Rods 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.7 Plates 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.8 Microspheres, Microcapsules, and Thin Coatings 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 PLA Packaging Applications 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Conclusion 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Impact of Nanotechnology on Water Treatment: Carbon Nanotube and Graphene 171\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohd Amil Usmani, Imran Khan, Aamir H. Bhat and M.K. Mohamad Haafiz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Threats to Water Treatment 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Nanomaterials and Membrane Filtration 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Metal Nanostructured Materials 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Naturally Occurring Materials 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Carbon Nano Compounds 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5.1 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Water Purification 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Catalysts or Co-Catalysts 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Photocatalysis 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5.4 Carbon Nanotube Filters as Anti-Microbial Materials 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5.5 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Seawater Desalination 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Polymer Nanocomposites 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Water Treatment Membranes 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Dendrimers 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Global Impact of Nanotechnology and Human Health 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Nanomaterials in Energy Generation 207\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaulraj Manidurai and Ramkumar Sekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Increasing of Surface Energy and Tension 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Decrease of Thermal Conductivity 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 The Blue Shift Effect 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine and Biology 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 In Solar Cells 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Composites from Renewable Materials for Photoanode 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Composites from Renewable Materials for Electrolyte 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Composites from Renewable Materials for Organic Solar Cells 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Visible-Light Active Photocatalyst 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Energy Storage 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Thermal Energy Storage 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Biomechanical Energy Harvest and Storage Using Nanogenerator 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Nanotechnology on Biogas Production 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoadditives on the Biogas Production 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities Using Nanoparticles 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Antibacterial Activity 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Antioxidant Activity 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Conclusion 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sustainable Green Nanocomposites from Bacterial Bioplastics for Food-Packaging Applications 229\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAna M. Díez-Pascual\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Synthesis 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Structure 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Properties 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Applications 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 ZnO Nanofillers: Structure, Properties, Synthesis, and Applications 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Structure 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Properties 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Synthesis 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Applications 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Materials and Nanocomposite Processing 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Characterization of PHA-Based Nanocomposites 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Morphology 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Crystalline Structure 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 FTIR Spectra 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Crystallization and Melting Behavior 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Thermal Stability 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7 Static Mechanical Properties 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8 Barrier Properties 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.9 Migration Properties 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.10 Antibacterial Properties 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusions and Outlook 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 PLA Nanocomposites: A Promising Material for Future from Renewable Resources 259\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSelvaraj Mohana Roopan, J. Fowsiya, D. Devi Priya and G. Madhumitha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Nanotechnology 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Nanocomposites 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Biopolymers 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Structural Formulas of Few Biopolymers 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Polylactide Polymers 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 PLA Production 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 PLA Properties 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.1 Rheological Properties 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 PLA-Based Nanocomposites 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Preparation of PLA Nanocomposites 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Recent Research on PLA Nanocomposites 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Application of PLA Nanocomposites 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 PLA Nanocomposites 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 PLA\/Layered Silicate Nanocomposite 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 PLA\/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 PLA\/Starch Nanocomposites 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 PLA\/Cellulose Nanocomposites 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusion 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Biocomposites from Renewable Resources: Preparation and Applications of Chitosan–Clay Nanocomposites 275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. Babul Reddy, B. Manjula, T. Jayaramudu, S.J. Owonubi, E.R. Sadiku, O. Agboola, V. Sivanjineyulu and Gomotsegang F. Molelekwa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Structure, Properties, and Importance of Chitosan and its Nanocomposites 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Structure, Properties, and Importance of Montmorillonite 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Chitosan–Clay Nanocomposites 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Preparation Chitosan–Clay Nanocomposites 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Applications of Chitosan–Clay Nanocomposites 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Food-Packaging Applications 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Electroanalytical Applications 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Tissue-Engineering Applications 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Applications 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.5 Wastewater Treatment Applications 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.6 Drug Delivery Systems 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusions 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Nanomaterials: An Advanced and Versatile Nanoadditive for Kraft and Paper Industries 305\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli, Samira Bagheri and Negar Mansouri\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 An Overview: Paper Industries 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Manufacturing: Paper Industries 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Nanotechnology 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Nanotechnology: Paper Industries 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Nanobleaching Agents: Paper Industries 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Nano Calcium Silicate Particle 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Nanosizing Agents: Paper Industries 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Nanosilica\/Hybrid 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Nano Titanium Oxide\/Hybrid 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Nano Wet\/Dry Strength Agents: Paper Industries 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Nanocellulose 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Nanopigment: Paper Industries 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Nanokaolin 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Nano ZnO\/Hybrid 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Nanocarbonate 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Nanoretention Agents: Paper Industries 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Nanozeolite 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Nano TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Nanomineral Filler: Paper Industries 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Nanoclay 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Nano Calcium Carbonate 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3 Nano TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\/Hybrid 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Nano Superconductor Agents: Paper Industries 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Nano ZnO 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Nanodispersion Agents: Paper Industries 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Nanopolymer 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Certain Challenges Associated with Nanoadditives 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Conclusion and Future Prospective 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of Interests 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Composites and Nanocomposites Based on Polylactic Acid 327\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMihai Cosmin Corobea, Zina Vuluga, Dorel Florea, Florin Miculescu and Stefan Ioan Voicu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Obtaining Composites and Nanocomposite Based on PLA 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Obtaining-Properties Aspects for Composites Based on PLA 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Obtaining-Properties Aspects for Nanocomposite Based on PLA 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Applications 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Conclusions 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Cellulose-Containing Scaffolds Fabricated by Electrospinning: Applications in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery 361\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlex López-Córdoba, Guillermo R. Castro and Silvia Goyanes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Cellulose: Structure and Major Sources 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Cellulose Nanofibers Fabricated by Electrospinning 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Electrospinning Set-Up 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Modified Electrospinning Processes 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Electrospinnability of Cellulose and its Derivatives 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Cellulose-Containing Nanocomposite Fabricated by Electrospinning 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Electrospun Nanocomposites Reinforced with Nanocellulosic Materials 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Electrospun Nanocomposites Based on Blends of Cellulose or its Derivatives with Nanoparticles 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Electrospun Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose\/Polymer Blends 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Electrospun All-Cellulose Composites 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Applications of Cellulose-Containing Electrospun Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Cellulose\/Polymer Electrospun Scaffolds for Drug Delivery 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications 389\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIbrahim M. El-Sherbiny and Isra H. Ali\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Classification of Biopolymers According to Their Origin 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Classification of Biopolymers According to Their Structure 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Biopolymers as Promising Eco-Friendly Materials 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Biopolymers: Chemistry and Properties 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Polysaccharides 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1.1 Starch 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1.2 Cellulose 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1.3 Chitin 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Alginate 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.1 Origin 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Proteins 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.1 Albumin 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.2 Collagen 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.3 Gelatin 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.4 Silk Proteins 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.5 Keratin 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Microbial Polyesters 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4.1 Polyhydroxylalkanoates 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Preparation Techniques of Polymer Nanocomposites 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Direct Compounding 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 \u003ci\u003eIn Situ \u003c\/i\u003eSynthesis 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Other Techniques 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3.1 Electrospinning 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3.2 Self-Assembly 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3.3 Phase Separation 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3.4 Template Synthesis 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Environmental Application of Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Pollutants Removal: Catalytic and Redox Degradation 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1.1 Semiconductor Nanoparticles 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1.2 Zero-Valent Metals Nanoparticles 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1.3 Bimetallic Nanoparticles 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Pollutants Removal: Adsorption 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Pollutants Sensing 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites in Green Chemistry 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites for Biomedical and Dental Applications: Recent Developments 423\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndy H. Choi and Besim Ben-Nissan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Hydroxyapatite 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanocomposite Coatings 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Collagen 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Chitosan 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Liposomes 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Synthetic Polymers 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Calcium Phosphate–Chitosan Nanocomposites 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Calcium Phosphate–Collagen Nanocomposites 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Calcium Phosphate–Silk Fibroin Nanocomposites 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Calcium Phosphate–Cellulose Nanocomposites 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Calcium Phosphate–Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Drug Delivery 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Concluding Remarks 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Chitosan–Metal Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications 451\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVinod Saharan, Ajay Pal, Ramesh Raliya and Pratim Biswas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Chitosan: A Promising Biopolymer 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Degree of Deacetylation 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Chitosan Depolymerization 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Ionic Gelation Method 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Chitosan–Metal Nanocomposites 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Chitosan–Zn Nanocomposite 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Chitosan–Cu Nanocomposite 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Application of Cu and Zn–Chitosan–Cu Nanocomposite 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Other Natural Biopolymer in Comparison with Chitosan 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusion 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Multicarboxyl-Functionalized Nanocellulose\/Nanobentonite Composite for the Effective Removal and Recovery of Uranium (VI), Thorium (IV), and Cobalt (II) from Nuclear Industry Effluents and Sea Water 465\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eT.S. Anirudhan and J.R. Deepa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Materials and Methods 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Materials 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Equipment and Methods of Characterization 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Preparation of Adsorbent 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Adsorption Experiments 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Desorption Experiments 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.6 Grafting Density 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.7 Determination of Functional Groups 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.8 Point of Zero Charge 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Results and Discussion 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 FTIR Analysis 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 XRD Analysis 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Point of Zero Charge, Degree of Grafting, and –COOH\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 Effect of pH on Metal Ions Adsorption 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.6 Adsorption Kinetics 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.7 Adsorption Isotherm 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.8 Adsorption Thermodynamics 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.9 Reuse of the Adsorbent 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.10 Test of the Adsorbent with Nuclear Industry Wastewater and Sea Water 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Conclusions 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 483\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528850088279,"sku":"9781119223832","price":227.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119223832.jpg?v=1731873269","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/handbook-of-composites-from-renewable-materials-nanocomposites-9781119223832","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}