{"product_id":"handbook-of-composites-from-renewable-materials-nanocomposites-9781119223818","title":"Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThis unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Composites from Renewable Materials\u003c\/i\u003e comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers\/ reinforcement\/ fillers and biodegradable materials.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume 7 is solely focused on the \u003ci\u003eNanocomposites: Science and Fundamentals\u003c\/i\u003e of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Preparation, characterization, and applications of na\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials (Cellulose, Lignin, and Silica) from Renewable (Lignocellulosic) Resources 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK.G. Satyanarayana, Anupama Rangan, V.S. Prasad and Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhaes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Cellulose and Nanocellulose 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1.1 Types of Nanocellulose 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Lignin and Nanolignin 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Silica and Nanosilica 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Preparation of Nanomaterials 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Nanocellulose from Lignocellulosic Materials 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.1 Mechanical Shearing and Grinding 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.2 Steam Explosion\/High-Pressure Homogenization 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.3 Chemical Methods (Acid Hydrolysis, Alkaline Treatment and Bleaching) 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.4 Ultrasonication 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.5 Other Methods 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1.6 Functionalized Nanocellulose from Fibers 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Nanolignin 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.1 Precipitation Method 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.2 Chemical Modification 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.3 Electro Spinning Followed by Surface Modification 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.4 Freeze Drying Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.5 Supercritical Antisolvent Technology 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.6 Chemomechanical Methods 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.7 Nanolignin by Self-Assembly 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.8 Lignin Nanocontainers by Miniemulsion Method 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.9 Template-Mediated Synthesis 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Nanosilica 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.1 Nanosilica Obtained from Plants 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.2 Enzymatic Crystallization of Amorphous Nanosilica 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Characterization of Nanocellulose 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.1 Structure and Morphology of NC 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.2 Physical Properties (Dimensions, Density, Electrical, Crystallinity, and Any Other) 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Morphology of Lignin Nanoparticles 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Thermal Analysis 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Other Methods 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Characterization of Nanosilica 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Applications and Market Aspects 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Nanocellulose 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.1 Biomedical Applications 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.2 Dielectric Materials 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.3 In Composite Manufacturing for Various Applications 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.4 Advanced Functional Materials 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Nanolignin 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Nanosilica 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3.1 In Composites 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3.2 Nanosilica in Nacre Composite 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3.3 Encapsulation of Living Cells by Nanosilica 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Concluding Remarks and Challenges Ahead 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Hydrogels and its Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources: Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications 67\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eB. Manjula, A. Babul Reddy, T. Jayaramudu, E.R. Sadiku, S.J. Owonubi, Oluranti Agboola and Tauhami Mokrani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Hydrogels from Renewable Resources 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Hydrogel Technical Features 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Nanocomposite Hydrogels 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Polymer-Clay-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Poly(ethylene Oxide)–Silicate Nanocomposite Hydrogels 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Poly(acryl Amide) and Poly(vinyl Alcohol)–Silicate-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Natural Polymers 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Classifications of Hydrogels 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Applications of Hydrogels as Biomaterials 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Hydrogels for Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Hydrogels for Contact Lens 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.5 Artificial Muscles and Nerve Regeneration 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Conclusions 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Preparation of Chitin-Based Nanocomposite Materials Through Gelation with Ionic Liquid 97\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKazuya Yamamoto and Jun-ichi Kadokawa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Dissolution and Gelation of Chitin with Ionic Liquid 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Fabrication of Self-Assembled Chitin Nanofibers by Regeneration from the Chitin Ion Gels 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Preparation of Nanocomposite Materials from Chitin Nanofibers 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Starch-Based Bionanocomposites 121\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbbas Dadkhah Tehrani, Masoumeh Parsamanesh and Ali Bodaghi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Nanocomposites 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Starch Structural Features 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Starch-Based Bionanocomposites 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Starch Silicate Nanocomposites 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Starch\/Chitosan Composites 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Starch Cellulose Nanocomposites 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Starch Nanocomposites with Other Nanofillers 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Starch Nanocrystal, Nanoparticle, and Nanocolloid Preparation and Modification Methods 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Starch Nanocrystals Preparation by Acid Hydrolysis Method 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Starch Nanocrystal Modification Methods 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.1 Starch Nanocrystals Chemical Modification by Molecules with Low Molecular Weight 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.2 Modification of Starch Nanocrystals via Surface Grafting of Polymers 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Starch Nanoparticle and Nanocolloid Preparation and Modification Methods 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Nano Starch as Fillers in Other Nanocomposites 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Biomedical Application 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusion 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biorenewable Nanofiber and Nanocrystal: Renewable Nanomaterials for Constructing Novel Nanocomposites 155\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLinxin Zhong and Xinwen Peng\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Nanocellulose-Based and Nanocellulose-Reinforced Nanocomposite Hydrogels 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Gelling Performances of Nanocelluloses 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Nanocelluloses-Reinforced Nanocomposite Hydrogels 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Nanocellulose-Based Aerogels 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Preparation and Properties of Nanocellulose Aerogels 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Nanocellulose–Polymer Composite Aerogels 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Nanocellulose–Inorganic Nanocomposite Aerogels 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Nanocellulose–Nanocarbon Hybrid Aerogels 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Biomimetic and Conductive Nanocomposite Films 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Nanocellulose–Polymer Biomimetic Nanocomposite Films 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Nanocellulose–Inorganic Biomimetic Nanocomposite Films 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Nanocellulose–Nanocarbon Conductive Nanocomposite Films 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal and its Nanocomposites with Unique Optical Properties 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 CNC Chiral Nematic Performances 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 CNC–Polymer Photonic Nanocomposites 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 CNC–Inorganic Photonic Nanocomposites 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 CNC-Templated Chiral Nematic Nanomaterials 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Spun Fibers from Nanocelluloses 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Spinning Performances of Nanocelluloses and Properties 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Nanocellulose–Polymer Spinning Nanocomposite Fibers 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Nanocellulose–Nanocarbons Spinning Nanocomposite Fibers 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary and Outlook 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Investigation of Wear Characteristics of Dental Composite Reinforced with Rice Husk–Derived Nanosilica Filler Particles 227\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eI.K. Bhat, Amar Patnaik and Shiv Ranjan Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Materials and Method 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Synthesis of Nanosilica Powder 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Materials and Fabrication Details 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Determination of Hardness 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Determination of Flexural Strength 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Determination of Wear 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Results and Discussion 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Effect of Vickers Hardness on the Dental Composite Filled with Silane-Treated Nanosilica 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Effect of Flexural Strength on the Dental Composite Filled with Silane-Treated Nanosilica 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Steady-State Condition for Wear Characterization in Food Slurry and Acidic Medium 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.1 Effect of Chewing Load on Volumetric Wear Rate on Dental Composite 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.2 Effect of Profile Speed on Volumetric Wear Rate of Dental Composite 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.3 Effect of Chamber Temperature on Volumetric Wear Rate of Dental Composite 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Wear Analysis of Experimental Results by Taguchi Method and ANOVA Analysis 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4.1 Wear Analysis of Silane-Treated Nanosilica-Filled Dental Composite in Food Slurry Using Taguchi and ANOVA 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4.2 Wear Analysis of Silane-Treated Nanosilica-Filled Dental Composite in Citric Acid Using Taguchi and ANOVA 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Surface Morphology of Worn Surfaces Under Food Slurry and Citric Acid Condition 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Confirmation Experiment of Proposed Composites 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusions 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Performance of Regenerated Cellulose Nanocomposites Fabricated via Ionic Liquid Based on Halloysites and Vermiculite 249\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNurbaiti Abdul Hanid, Mat Uzir Wahit and Qipeng Guo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Overview 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Cellulose Structure and Properties 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Regenerated Cellulose 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Conventional Solvent for Cellulose 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Dissolution of Cellulose in NMMO 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.6 Cellulose Dissolution in Ionic Liquid 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.7 Regenerated Cellulose Nanocomposites 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.8 Halloysites 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.9 Vermiculite 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Experimental 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Materials 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Sample Preparation 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 The Preparation of Regenerated Cellulose via Ionic Liquid 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Preparation of Regenerated Cellulose Nanocomposites via Ionic Liquids 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Characterization of the Nanocomposites Films 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Results and Discussions 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 XRD Patterns of RC Nanocomposites 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 FTIR Spectra of RC Nanocomposites 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Mechanical Properties of RC Nanocomposites 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Morphology Analysis of the RC Nanocomposites 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4.1 Transmission Electron Micrographs Images Analysis 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Images Analysis 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Thermal Stability Analysis of RC Nanocomposites 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Water Absorption of RC Nanocomposites 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Conclusion 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Preparation, Structure, Properties, and Interactions of the PVA\/Cellulose Composites 275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBai Huiyu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 PVA and Cellulose 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1.1 Molecular Weight and the Degree of Alcoholysis 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1.2 The Advantages and Disadvantages of PVA 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Cellulose 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.1 Structure and Chemistry of Cellulose 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.2 Source of Cellulose 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.3 The Particle Types of Cellulose 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.4 Properties of Cellulose 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.5 Application of Cellulose 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 PVA\/Cellulose Composites 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3.1 The Properties of PVA\/Cellulose Composites 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3.2 Application of PVA\/Cellulose Composites 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Bulk and Surface Modification of Cellulose Particles 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 The Bulk Modification of Cellulose Particles 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 Complex Modification 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Graft Polymerization 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 The Surface Modification of Cellulose 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 Chemical Surface Modification 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 Physical Surface Modification 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 The Methods and Technology of Preparation of the PVA\/Cellulose Composites 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Solvent Casting 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Melt Processing 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Electrospun Fiber 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 \u003ci\u003eIn Situ \u003c\/i\u003eProduction 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The Relationship between Structure and Properties of PVA\/Cellulose Composites 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Interpenetrating Polymer Network 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Hydrogen-Bonding or Bond Network 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Chemical Cross-Linked Network 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 The Effect of the Interaction between PVA and Cellulose on Properties of PVA\/Cellulose Composites 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Characterization Methods for the Interaction between PVA and Cellulose 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.1 Raman Spectroscopy 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.3 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.4 Fourier Transform Infrared 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Interaction between PVA and Cellulose 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.1 Molecular Interactions 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.2 Covalent Interactions 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.3 Nucleation of Cellulose 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusions and Outlook 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Green Composites with Cellulose Nanoreinforcements 299\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDenis Mihaela Panaitescu, Adriana Nicoleta Frone and Ioana Chiulan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 A Short Overview on Nanosized Cellulose 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 General Aspects on Green Composites with Cellulose Nanoreinforcements 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Green Composites from Biopolyamides and Cellulose Nanoreinforcements 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Green Composites from Polylactide and Cellulose Nanoreinforcements 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 General Aspects 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Processing Methods 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.1 Solution Casting 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.2 Melt Processing 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.3 Other Processing Techniques 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Applications 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Microbial Polyesters Nanocellulose Composites 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 PHAs Biosynthesis 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 General Overview on PHAs–Nanocellulose Composites 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Processing Strategies for the Preparation of PHAs–Cellulose Nanocomposites 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Morphological, Thermal, and Mechanical Characteristics of PHAs\/Nanocellulose 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.5 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.6 Applications 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusions 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Biomass Composites from Bamboo-Based Micro\/Nanofibers 339\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHaruo Nishida, Keisaku Yamashiro and Takayuki Tsukegi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Bamboo Microfiber and Microcomposites 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Bamboo Fibrovascular Bundle Structure 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Preparation Methods of Short Bamboo Microfiber 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Preparation of sBμF with Super-Heated Steam 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.1 SHS Treatment 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.2 Characterization Methods of sBμF 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.3 Changes in Surface Morphology of SHS-Treated Bamboo 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.4 Changes in Chemical and Physical Properties of SHS-Treated Bamboo 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.5 Classification of sBμF 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Preparation of sBμF\/Plastic Microcomposites 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.1 Mechanical and Physical Properties of sBμF\/Plastic Microcomposites 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.2 Melt Processability of sBμF\/Plastic Microcomposites 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4.3 Electrical Properties of sBμF\/Plastic Microcomposites 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Bamboo Lignocellulosic Nanofiber and Nanocomposite 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Nanofibrillation Technologies of Cellulose 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Nanofibrillation Technologies of Lignocellulose 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Reactive Processing for Nanofibrillation 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Changes in Cellulose Crystalline Structure after Nanofibrillation 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Preparation of BLCNF\/Plastic Nanocomposites 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Properties of BLCNF\/Plastic Nanocomposites 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusions 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Synthesis and Medicinal Properties of Polycarbonates and Resins from Renewable Sources 363\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSelvaraj Mohana Roopan, T.V. Surendra and G. Madhumitha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Synthesis 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Chemical Synthesis of Polycarbonates 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Synthesis of Polycarbonate from Eugenol 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Synthesis of Renewable Bisphenols from 2,3-Pentanedione 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Synthesis of Mesoporous PC–SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Synthesis of Fluorinated Epoxy-Terminated Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (FBPA-PC EP) 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 Synthesis of Eugenol-Based Epoxy Resin (DEU-EP) 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Polycarbonates from Renewable Resources 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Ethylene from Biomass 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Synthesis of Dianols \u003ci\u003evia \u003c\/i\u003eMicrowave Degradation 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Glycerol Carbonates from Recyclable Catalyst 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Alternative to Phosgene for Aromatic Polycarbonate and Isocyanate Syntheses 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Polycarbonate 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Medicinal Properties 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Polycarbonates in Drug Delivery 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Polycarbonates in Gene Transformation 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Cytotoxicity Test of Polycarbonates 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Polycarbonates in Autoimmunity 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Activation of Hyperprolactinemia and Immunostimulatory Response by Polycarbonates 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Nanostructured Polymer Composites with Modified Carbon Nanotubes 381\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA.P. Kharitonov, A.G. Tkachev, A.N. Blohin, I.V. Burakova, A.E. Burakov, A.E. Kucherova and A.A. Maksimkin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Polymer Materials and Their Application 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes Application and Their Main Properties 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Experimental Methods 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Investigation of the CNTs Synthesis 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 CNTs Treatment 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Composites Fabrication 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Testing Procedures 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Results and Discussion 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 FTIR Spectroscopy 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Influence of Fluorination on the CNTs Specific Surface 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 TGA of Virgin and Fluorinated CNTs 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 SEM Data of Composites Fracture 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 TGA and DSC of Composites 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.7 Mechanical Properties of Composites 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.7.1 Tensile Strength 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.7.2 Flexural Strength 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusion 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites Derived from Polysaccharides: Challenges and Opportunities 409\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAna Barros-Timmons, Fabiane Oliveira and José A. Lopes-da-Silva\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Constituents 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Polysaccharides 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Inorganic Nanofillers 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Preparation of Polysaccharide-Derived Nanocomposites 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Surface Modification 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Addition of Components 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 \u003ci\u003eIn Situ \u003c\/i\u003ePreparation of Nanoparticles via Precursors 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Processing 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Plasticizers 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Conventional Processing Methods to Prepare Inorganic–Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Emerging Methods to Prepare Inorganic–Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Trends and Perspectives 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: A Greener Approach for the Future 433\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrasanta Baishya, Moon Mandal, Pankaj Gogoi and Tarun K. Maji\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Wood Polymer Nanocomposite 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Basic Components of Wood Polymer Nanocomposite 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Natural Polymer\/Raw Material Used in Preparation of WPNC 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Starch 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Gluten 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Chitosan 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Vegetable Oil 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4.1 Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oil 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Wood 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Cross-Linker 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Modification of Natural Polymers 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Grafting of Starch 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2 Modification of Starch by Other Methods 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.3 Plasticizer 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4 Nano-Reinforcing Agents 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4.1 Montmorillonite 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4.4 Nanocellulose 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Composites 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.1 Mechanical Properties 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.2 Thermal Properties 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.3 Water Uptake and Dimensional Stability 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Cellulose Whisker-Based Green Polymer Composites 461\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSilviya Elanthikkal, Tania Francis, C. Sangeetha and G. Unnikrishnan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Cellulose: Discovery, Sources, and Microstructure 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Sources of Cellulose 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Microstructure of Cellulose 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Nanocellulose 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Mechanical Processes 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Steam Explosion Method 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.6 Hydrolysis with Gaseous Acid 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.7 Treatment with Ionic Liquid 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Polymer Composites 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Polymer Composite Fabrication Techniques 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.1 Casting Evaporation Technique 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.2 Extrusion 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.3 Compression Molding 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.4 Injection Molding 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Cellulose Whisker Composites: Literature-Based Discussion 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2.1 Latex-Based Composites 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2.2 Polar Polymer-Based Composites 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2.3 Nonpolar Polymer-Based Composites 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Applications of Cellulose Whisker Composites 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Packaging 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Automotive and Toys 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Electronics 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Biomedical Applications 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites Reinforced with Different Additives 495\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRavi Babu Valapa, G. Pugazhenthi and Vimal Katiyar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Biopolymers 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Classification of Biopolymers 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 PLA Nanocomposites 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 PLA–Clay Nanocomposites 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 PLA–Carbonaceous Nanocomposites 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 PLA-Bio Filler Composites 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 PLA–Silica Nanocomposites 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Summary 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Nanocrystalline Cellulose: Green, Multifunctional and Sustainable Nanomaterials 523\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamira Bagheri, Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli and Negar Mansouri\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction: Natural Based Products 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Nanocellulose 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Nanocellulose: Properties 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1.1 Nanocellulose: Mechanical Properties 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1.2 Nanocellulose: Physical Properties 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1.3 Nanocellulose: Surface Chemistry Properties 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Nanocellulose: Synthesis Process 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2.1 Conventional Acid Hydrolysis Process 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Nanocellulose: Limitations 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3.1 Single Particles Dispersion 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3.2 Barrier Properties 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3.3 Permeability Properties 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Nanocellulose: Chemical Functionalization 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Organic Compounds Functionalization 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Molecular Functionalization 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.2 Macromolecular Functionalization 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Nanocellulose: Inorganic Compounds Functionalization 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.1 Nanocellulose-Titanium Oxide Functionalization 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.2 Nanocellulose-Fluorine Functionalization 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.3 Nanocellulose-Gold Functionalization 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.4 Nanocellulose-Silver Functionalization 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.5 Nanocellulose-Pd Functionalization 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.6 Nanocellulose-CdS Functionalization 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Applications of Functionalized Nanocellulose 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Wastewater Treatment 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Biomedical Applications 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Biosensor and Bioimaging 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Catalysis 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Halloysite-Based Bionanocomposites 557\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGiuseppe Lazzara, Marina Massaro, Stefana Milioto and Serena Riela\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Biodegradable Polymers 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Cellulose 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Chitosan 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Starch 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Alginate 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Pectin 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Natural Inorganic Filler: Halloysite Nanotubes 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Functionalization of HNTs 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1.1 Functionalization of External Surface 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1.2 Functionalization of the Lumen 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Composites Structured with Halloysite 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Bionanocomposites 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 HNT-Biopolymer Nanocomposite Formation 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 Properties of HNTs-Biopolymer Nanocomposites 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2.1 Bionanocomposites Surface Morphology 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2.2 Bionanocomposites Mechanical and Thermal Response 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Applications of HNT\/Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Conclusions 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Nanostructurated Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers and Silver Nanoparticles 585\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eOana Fufă, George Mihail Vlăsceanu, Georgiana Dolete, Daniela Cabuzu, Rebecca Alexandra Puiu, Andreea Cîrjă, Bogdan Nicoară and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Silver Nanoparticles 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Silver Nanoparticle Composites 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 \u003ci\u003eIn situ \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eex situ \u003c\/i\u003eStrategies for AgNPs-Based Composites with Polymer Matrix 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Other AgNPs Composites 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Applications of Silver Nanoparticles Composites 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.1 Active Substance Delivery Composites 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.2 Antimicrobial Composites 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Conclusions and Future Prospectives 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Starch-Based Biomaterials and Nanocomposites 623\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArantzazu Valdés and María Carmen Garrigós\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Starch: Structure and Characteristics 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Applicability of Starch in Food Industry 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Starch Biomaterials: Films, Coatings, and Blends 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Reinforced Materials 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Starch Nanoparticles 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Green Nanocomposites-Based on PLA and Natural Organic Fillers 637\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRoberto Scaffaro, Luigi Botta, Francesco Lopresti, Andrea Maio and Fiorenza Sutera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Natural Organic Nanofillers 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Cellulose 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1.1 Main Derivatization Methods Used to Increase Cellulose Affinity to PLA 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Chitin 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Starch 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Bionanocomposites Based on PLA 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1 PLA\/cellulose Nanocomposites 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1.1 Preparation 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1.2 Properties 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1.3 Degradation 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2 PLA\/chitin Nanocomposites 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2.1 Preparation 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2.2 Properties 655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.3 PLA\/starch Nanocomposites 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.3.1 Preparation 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.3.2 Properties 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusions 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Chitin and Chitosan-Based (NANO) Composites 671\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndré R. Fajardo, Antonio G. B. Pereira, Alessandro F. Martins, Alexandre T. Paulino, Edvani C. Muniz and You-Lo Hsieh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.1 Chitin 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.2 Chitosan 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Chitin and Chitosan Properties and Processing 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Preparation and Characterization of Ct and Cs Composites: An Overview 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Ct- and Cs-Metal Composites 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Ct and Cs-Inorganic Composites 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Food Packaging 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.2 Membranes 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.3 Biomedical Uses 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.4 Environmental Remediation 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Composites Based on Ct and Cs Whiskers 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Overview, Perspectives, and Conclusion 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 701\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407010799959,"sku":"9781119223818","price":215.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119223818.jpg?v=1730497877","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/handbook-of-composites-from-renewable-materials-nanocomposites-9781119223818","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}