{"product_id":"handbook-of-assisted-and-amendmentenhanced-sustainable-remediation-technology-9781119670360","title":"Handbook of Assisted and AmendmentEnhanced","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Global Scenario of Remediation and Combined Clean Biofuel Production \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Global Remediation Industry and Trends \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Lander de Jesus Alves and Fabio Carvalho Nunes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Rise of Phytoremediation 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 The Phytoremediation Industry 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 The Key Players in Global Remediation and Phytoremediation 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.1 Markets by Sector 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.2 Markets by Application 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.3 Sizes of Market Sectors Potentially Available to Phytoremediation 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Global 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Mining in Latin America and Phytoremediation Possibilities 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Sustainable Valorization of Biomass: From Assisted Phytoremediation to Green Energy Production \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMartina Grifoni, Francesca Pedron, Meri Barbafieri, Irene Rosellini, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli and Elisabetta Franchi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Bioenergy: The Role of Biomass 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Assisted Phytoremediation: Valorization of Biomass 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Assisted Phytoremediation-Bioenergy: An Integrated Approach 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Biochar-Based Soil and Water Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Biochar – Production, Properties, and Service to Environmental Protection against Toxic Metals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e55\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMonika Gałwa-Widera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 How to Produce Biochar 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Biochar Properties 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Biochar in the Service of Environmental Protection 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Soil Characteristics 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Environmental Hazards Caused by Heavy Metals 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Zinc 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Copper 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Lead 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Cadmium 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Soil Pollution 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 What is Remediation and What is it for? 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Improving Soil Properties 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Removal of Impurities 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 The Addition of Biochar to Contaminated Soils may be Such a Solution 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Summary 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Biochar-based Water Treatment Systems for Clean Water Provision \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e77\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDwiwahju Sasongko, David Gunawan and Antonius Indarto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Synthesis of Biochar 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Pyrolysis Process 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Pyrolysis Technology 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Biochar Properties 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Biochar Surface Chemistry 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Pyrolysis Effect on Chemical Properties of Biochar 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Pyrolysis Effect on Physical Properties of Biochar 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Mechanism of Adsorption 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Heavy Metal Removal Mechanism 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Organic Contaminants Removal Mechanism 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Pathogenic Organism Removal Mechanism 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Factors Affecting Adsorption of Contaminants on Biochar 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Biochar Properties 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Post Treatment or Modification 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Solution pH 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Co-existed Ions 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Dosage of Adsorbents 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Temperature 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.7 Contact Time 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.8 Initial Concentration of Pollutants 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Biochar-Based Water Treatment Systems 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Biochar Supply 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Biochar Use 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Regeneration 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.1 Thermal Regeneration 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.2 Solvent Regeneration 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.3 Microwave Irradiation Regeneration 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Supercritical Fluid Regeneration 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Sustainability of Biochar Utilization 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biochar for Wastewater Treatment \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e103\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Kwarciak-Kozłowska and Renata Włodarczyk\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Biochar Production and Its Characteristics 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Modification of Biochar 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Comparison of Biochar with Activated Carbon 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Biochar Adsorption Mechanism 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Adsorption Kinetics of Aqueous-Phase Organic Compounds 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Influence of pH, Temperature, and Biochar Dose on the Adsorption Process 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Biochar Technology in Wastewater Treatment 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Summary 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Biochar for Bioremediation of Toxic Metals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e119\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRenata Włodarczyk and Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The Idea of Using Biochar with the Assumption of Closed Circulation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Role of Biochar in Soil - General Information 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Biochar as a Sorbent – Physical and Structural Composition 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 The Role of Biochar in Removing Heavy Metals from Soil 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Utilization of Selected Heavy Metals from Soil 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Mechanism of Heavy Metals-Biochar 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Summary 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Biochar Assisted Remediation of Toxic Metals and Metalloids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e131\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShalini Dhiman, Mohd Ibrahim, Kamini Devi, Neerja Sharma, Nitika Kapoor, Ravinderjit Kaur, Nandni Sharma, Raman Tikoria, Puja Ohri, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Biochar and its Remarkable Physical Chemical and Biological Properties 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Physical Properties of Biochar 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Density and Porosity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Surface Area of Biochar 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Pore Volume and Pore Size Distribution 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.4 Water Holding Capacity and Hydrophobicity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.5 Mechanical Stability 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Chemical Properties 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Atomic Ratios 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Elemental Composition 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Energy Content 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.4 Fixed Carbon and Volatile Matter 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.5 Presence of Functional Groups 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.6 pH of Biochar 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Biological Properties of Biochar 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3.1 Biochar as a Habitat for Soil Microorganisms 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3.2 Biochar as a Substrate for the Soil Biota 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Heavy Metal Pollutants 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Interactions between Biochar and Heavy Metal 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Types of Interactions Occurs between Biochar and Heavy Metals 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Direct Interaction 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Electrostatic Attractions 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.3 Ion Exchange 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.4 Complexation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.5 Precipitation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.6 Sorption 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.7 Indirect Interactions 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.8 Biochar Metal Interactions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Biochar as a Bioremediator 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Pollutant by the Use of Microorganism and Biochar 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollutants by the Use of Plants and Biochar 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Pollutant through the Combination of Biochar, Plant, and Microorganism 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Application of Biochar in Bioremediation of Mining Area 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Application of Biochar in Bioremediation of Acid Mine Wastes 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Alkaline Tailing Soils 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Limitation of Biochar Amended Bioremediation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Phytoextraction of Arsenic 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Phytoremediation of Sewage Sludge 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Conclusion 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Use of Biochar as an Amendment for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e163\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSubodh Kumar Maiti and Dipita Ghosh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Biochar Production Conditions 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Modification to Improve Remediation Potential of Biochar 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Mechanism of Metal Immobilization by Biochar 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Direct Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Electrostatic Attraction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Ion Exchange 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.3 Complexation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.4 Precipitation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Indirect Biochar–Heavy Metals–Soils Interactions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Impact on Soil pH, CEC, and Organic Carbon Content, thus Metal Mobility 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Impacts on Soil Mineral Composition and Metal Mobility by Biochar Application 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Immobilization of Heavy Metals by Biochar 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Application of Biochar for Immobilization of Heavy Metals and Enhancement of Plant Growth 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusions 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Biochars for Remediation of Recalcitrant Soils to Enhance Agronomic Performance \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e179\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Grobelak and Marta Jaskulak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Biochar Properties 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Production 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Properties 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Application and Impact of Biochar on Soils 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Biochar in Soil Carbon Sequestration 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Influence on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Influence on Microbial Activity and Soil Biota 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Biochar Amendment Improves Crop Production in Problematic Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBhupinder Dhir\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Roles of Biochar in Soil Improvement 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Physical Characteristics 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Chemical Properties 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Biological Indices 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Other Roles of Biochar 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Agricultural Productivity in Biochar Amended Soil 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Advantages of Using Biochar as a Soil Supplement 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Reclamation of Degraded Soils Using Biochar 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Organic Amendments Use in Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Use of Organic Amendments in Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils: Prospects and Challenges \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e207\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGalina Koptsik, Graeme Spiers, Sergey Koptsik and Peter Beckett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Agricultural Organic Waste 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Forestry By-Products 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Composts 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Sewage Sludge\/Biosolids 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Humic Substances 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Biochar 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Constructed Organic-Derived Soils 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Directions for Future Research 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Rice Husk and Wood Derived Charcoal for Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e235\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBoda Ravi Kiran and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA) – Production, Characteristics, and Application 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as Soil Amendment and Metal Removal 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Charcoal – Production and Applications 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Charcoal as Amendment and Metal Removal 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusion 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Enhanced Composting Using Woody Biomass and Its Application in Wasteland Reclamation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e267\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZeba Usmani, Tiit Lukk, Eve-Ly Ojangu, Hegne Pupart, Kairit Zovo and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Composting Process 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Types of Composting 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Woody Biomass Waste as Co-composting Material 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Usage of Woody Biochar in Composting 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Woody Biochar-Microbial Consortia 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Usage of Wood Ash in Composting 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Usage of Wood Derived Materials in Composting 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting Woody Biomass 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Application of Woody Biomass Compost in Restoration of Wastelands 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusion 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Sewage Sludge as Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e283\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKrzysztof Fijałkowski and Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Soil Remediation Practices 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Sewage Sludge in the Remediation of Degraded Soils 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.1 Sewage Sludge as a Source of NPK 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Substrates Produced or Based on Sewage Sludge–Biosolids 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Biosolids as Fertility Restorer and Conditioner 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Impact of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids on Soil Microorganisms 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.6 Sewage Sludge Amendments in Relation to CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Sequestration 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.7 Conclusion 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Sustainable Soil Remediation Using Organic Amendments \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e299\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarta Jaskulak and Anna Grobelak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Organic Amendments for Soil Remediation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Composts 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Animal Manures and Biosolids 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Impact of Organic Amendments on Soils 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Influence on Soil Physical Properties 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Influence on Microbial Activities and Soil Biota 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Influence of the Content of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Potential Risks of the Use of Organic Amendments 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusions 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Advanced Technologies for Remediation of Inorganics and Organics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Biosurfactant-Assisted Bioremediation of Crude Oil\/Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e315\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeevanandam Vaishnavi, Punniyakotti Parthipan, Arumugam Arul Prakash, Kuppusamy Sathishkumar and Aruliah Rajasekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Surfactants and Biosurfactants 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Microbial Surfactants 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Types of Biosurfactants 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.1 Rhamnolipids 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.2 Trehalose 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.3 Sophorolipid 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Phospholipids Biosurfactant 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Fatty Acid 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Polymeric and Particulate Biosurfactant 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Optimization of Biosurfactants 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Biosurfactant in Bioremediation 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Glycolipids Mediated Crude Oil Remediation 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Lipopeptide Mediated Crude Oil\/Hydrocarbons Degradation 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Bioemulsifiers Mediated Crude Oil\/Hydrocarbons Degradation 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Challenges and Future Prospectives 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusion 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Advanced Technologies for the Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e331\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePalak Bakshi, Arun Dev Singh, Jaspreet Kour, Sadaf Jan, Mohd Ibrahim, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Consumption and Need for Removal 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Worldwide Consumption of Pesticide 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Production and Usage of Pesticide in India 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Need for Removal 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Remediation Technologies for Pesticidal Contamination 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Physico–Chemical Remediation 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Adsorption 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.2 Oxidation–Reduction 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.3 Catalytic Degradation 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.4 Nano Technology 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Biological Remediation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.1 Role of Plants 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.2 Role of Microflora 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Conclusion 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Enzymes Assistance in Remediation of Contaminants and Pollutants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e355\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Cyanide Degradation 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Rhizosphere 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Degradation of Pesticides 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Thiol Assisted Metal Tolerance in Plants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e389\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePooja Sharma, Palak Bakshi, Dhriti Kapoor, Priya Arora, Jaspreet Kour, Rupinder Kaur, Ashutosh Sharma, Bilal Ahmad Mir and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Sulfur Metabolism in Plants 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Thiols Induced Metal Tolerance in Plants 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Role of Metal Transporters 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Role of Thioredoxins and Glutaredoxins 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Role of Metallothioneins 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress Mitigation 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4.1 Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanism 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Role of Glutathione in Heavy Metal Stress Mitigation 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusion 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Biological Remediation of Selenium in Soil and Water \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e403\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSiddhartha Narayan Borah, Suparna Sen, Hemen Sarma and Kannan Pakshirajan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Sources of Selenium 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Soil 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Water 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Air 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Significance in Human Health 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Biological Remediation Processes 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Phytoremediation 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.1 Phytoextraction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.2 Phytovolatilization 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1.3 Rhizofiltration 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Bioremediation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.1 Planktonic Cells of Axenic Bacterial Culture 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.2 Biofilm of Axenic Bacterial Culture 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2.3 Microbial Consortia 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.3 Bioamendment with Chelating Agents and Organic Matter 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.4 Biosorption 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Conclusion 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Microbe and Plant Assisted Remediation of Inorganics and Organics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e423\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for Soil Sustainability \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e425\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaffia Siddique, Alvina Gul, Munir Ozturk and Volkan Altay\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Biofertilizer 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 PSM Requirement in Plants 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM) 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Application of PSB Inoculants 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Mechanism of P Solubilization 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Lowering of Soil pH 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Chelation 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Mineralization 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 PSB Help Plant Growth 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1 Mechanism of Action of PSB 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Soil Sustainability with PSB 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Microbe and Plant-Assisted Remediation of Organic Xenobiotics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e437\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eA.P. Pinto, M.E. Lopes, A. Dordio and J.E.F. Castanheiro\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Impact of PAHs on Environment 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 PAHs in Soil and Sediments 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Molecular Weight and Aqueous Solubility 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Plant Assisted Remediation of PAHs 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Phytoremediation 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.1 Phytoextraction 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.2 Phytostabilization 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.3 Phytovolatilization 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.4 Phytodegradation 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1.5 Rhizodegradation 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Plant and Microbe Assisted Remediation – Synergistic Approaches 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Plant–Endophyte Partnership in Phytoremediation 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.1 Endophyte Colonization and Survival 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2 Beneficial Mutualistic Interactions Between Endophytes and Their Hosts 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2.1 Nutrient Bioavailability 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2.2 Modulation and Synthesis of Phytohormones 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.2.3 Defense Mechanisms against Phytopathogens 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7.3 Biosurfactants and Their Roles in Phytoremediation 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Conclusions 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Assisted Phytoremediation of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants Including Amelioration of Perturbed Marginal Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e477\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElisabetta Franchi and Danilo Fusini\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Features and Mechanisms 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Siderophores 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 ACC Deaminase 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Phosphate Solubilization 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.5 Nitrogen Fixation 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.6 Indirect Mechanisms 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Influence of PGPR on Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbons Remediation 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Face Salinity and Drought in Marginal Soils 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.1 Survival to Abiotic Stress 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.2 Affecting the Drought Pressure 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.3 Improving the Salinity Tolerance 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.4 Phytodepuration for Water Reclamation 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Conclusions 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Plant and Microbe Association for Degradation of Xenobiotics Focusing Transgenic Plants \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e501\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePooja Sharma, Palak Bakshi, Kanika Khanna, Jaspreet Kour, Dhriti Kapoor, Arun Dev Singh, \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eTamanna Bhardwaj, Rupinder Kaur, Ashutosh Sharma and Renu Bhardwaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Xenobiotics in the Environment 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Mechanism of Degradation of Xenobiotics 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Plant and Microbe Association for Degradation of Xenobiotics 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Transgenic Plants and Microbes for the Remediation of Xenobiotics 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Conclusion 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 \u003ci\u003eAzolla \u003c\/i\u003eFarming for Sustainable Environmental Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e517\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbin Sebastian, Palengara Deepa and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Diversity and Ecological Distribution 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Growth Conditions for Optimal Biomass Productivity 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Phytoremediation of Water Bodies 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Prospects in Sustainable Remediation and Bioeconomy 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Outlook 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Mangrove Assisted Remediation and Ecosystem Services \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e535\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJanaina dos Santos Garcia, Sershen and Marcel Giovanni Costa Franca\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Mangrove Ecosystems 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Mangrove Plants 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Factors Responsible for Mangrove Degradation and Destruction 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Ecosystem Services of Mangroves 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Mangrove as a Sink of Pollutants 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.1 Heavy Metals 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.2 Heavy Metal Indices 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.3 Association with Other Elements 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.4 Organic Compounds 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.5 Waste Water 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1.6 Microorganism Association and Isolation 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Methodologies to Use Mangroves for Remediation 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Final Comments 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI Nanoscience in Remediation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e557\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Nanotechnology Assisted Remediation of Polluted Soils \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e559\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eH.A.D.B. Amarasiri and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Soil as Soil of Life 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Soil Pollution 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Impact of Soil Pollution 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Nanopollution 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Soil Remediation 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1 Conventional Soil Remediation Techniques and Methods 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.1 Bioremediation 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.2 Thermal Desorption 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.3 Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.4 Pump and Treat 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.1.5 In-Situ Oxidation 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2 Nanotechnology Based Soil Remediation Methods 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.1 Nanomaterials 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.2 Nano-Bioremediation 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.3 Bioremediation with Biogenic Uraninite NPs 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.4 Bioremediation with Engineered Polymeric NPs 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.5 Bioremediation with Single Enzyme NPs 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.6 Zeolites in Soil Remediation with Nanotechnology 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.7 Soil Remediation with Iron Oxide NPs 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.8 Soil Remediation with Nano Scale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.9 Remediation with Other Metal-based NPs 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.10 Remediation with Phosphate-based NPs 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.11 Soil Remediation with Iron Sulfide NPs 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.12 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) in Soil Remediation 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5.2.13 Nanoclay in Soil Remediation 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Future Scope of Nanotechnology in Soil Remediation 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Remediation of Wastewater Using Plant Based Nano Materials \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e583\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWangjam Kabita Devi, Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Materials and Methods 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.1 Materials 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.2 Preparation of Extract 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.3 Synthesis of AgNPs 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.4 Characterization of Synthesized AgNPs 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.5 Catalytic Activity of Synthesized AgNPs 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Results and Discussion 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.3 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3.4 Catalytic Property of AgNPs 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Conclusion 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 601\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407115100503,"sku":"9781119670360","price":207.86,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119670360.jpg?v=1730498234","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/handbook-of-assisted-and-amendmentenhanced-sustainable-remediation-technology-9781119670360","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}