{"product_id":"gas-treating-9781118877739","title":"Gas Treating","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGas Treating: Absorption Theory and Practice\u003c\/i\u003e provides an introduction to the treatment of natural gas, synthesis gas and flue gas, addressing why it is necessary and the challenges involved. The book concentrates in particular on the absorptiondesorption process and mass transfer coupled with chemical reaction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing a general introduction to gas treatment, the chemistry of CO2, H2S and amine systems is described, and selected topics from physical chemistry with relevance to gas treating are presented. Thereafter the absorption process is discussed in detail, column hardware is explained and the traditional mass transfer model mechanisms are presented together with mass transfer correlations. This is followed by the central point of the text in which mass transfer is combined with chemical reaction, highlighting the associated possibilities and problems. Experimental techniques, data analysis and modelling are covered, and the book concludes with a discussion on va\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature List xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Definitions 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Gas Markets, Gas Applications and Feedstock 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Sizes 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Units 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Ambient Conditions 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Objective of This Book 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Example Problems 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Synthesis Gas Plant 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Natural Gas Treatment 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.3 Natural Gas Treatment for LNG 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.4 Flue Gas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Capture from a CCGT Power Plant 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.5 Flue Gas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Capture from a Coal Based Power Plant 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.6 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Removal from Biogas 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.7 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Removal from Landfill Gas 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.8 Summarising Plant Sizes Just Considered 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Gas Treating in General 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Process Categories 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Absorption 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Adsorption 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Cryogenics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 LNG Trains 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Membranes 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Sulfur Removal 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Scavengers 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Adsorption 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Direct Oxidation–Liquid Redox Processes 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Claus Plants 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Novelties 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Absorption Process 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Rate of Mass Transfer 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Rate Equation 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Co-absorption and\/or Simultaneous Desorption 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Convection and Diffusion 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Heat Balance 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Axially along the Column 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Flowsheet Simulators 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Rate versus Equilibrium Approaches 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Chemistry in Acid Gas Treating 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 ‘Chemistry’ 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Acid Character of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS Chemistry with any Alkanolamine 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Chemistry of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e with Primary and Secondary Alkanolamines 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Zwitterion Mechanism 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Termolecular Mechanism of Crooks and Donnellan 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Australian Approach 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Older Representations 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 The Chemistry of Tertiary Amines 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Chemistry of the Minor Sulfur Containing Gases 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 The COS Chemistry 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Chemistry of CS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Chemistry of Mercaptans (RSH) 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Sterically Hindered Amines 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Hot Carbonate Absorbent Systems 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Simultaneous Absorption of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Reaction Mechanisms and Activators–Final Words 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Review Questions, Problems and Challenges 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Physical Chemistry Topics 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Discussion of Solvents 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Acid–Base Considerations 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Arrhenius, Brønsted and Lewis 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Weak and Strong Acids and Bases 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 pH 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Titration 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Buffer Action in the NaOH or KOH Based CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Absorbents 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Amine–CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Buffer System 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Gas Solubilities, Henry’s and Raoult’s Laws 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Henry’s Law 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Gas Solubilities 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Raoult’s Law 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Solubilities of Solids 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO Analogy 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Partial Molar Properties and Representation 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Hydration and Hydrolysis 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Solvation 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Diffusion 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Dilute Mixtures 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Concentrated Mixtures 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Values of Diffusion Coefficients 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Gas Phase Values 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Liquid Phase Values 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Interacting Species 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Interaction with Surfaces 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Multicomponent Situations 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Examples 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Gaseous CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e –CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Gaseous H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO–CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Liquid Phase Diffusion of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO in TEG 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Absorption Column Mass Transfer Analysis 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Column 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Flux Equations 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients and the Interface 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Overall Gas Side Mass Transfer Coefficient 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Overall Liquid Side Mass Transfer Coefficient 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Control Volumes, Mass and Energy – Balances 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 The Relation between Gas and Liquid Concentrations 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Height of Column Based on Gas Side Analysis 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Height of Column Based on Liquid Side Analysis 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Analytical Solution and Its Limitations 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 The NTU–HTU Concept 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Operating and Equilibrium Lines – A Graphical Representation 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Other Concentration Units 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Concentrated Mixtures and Simultaneous Absorption 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Liquid or Gas Side Control? A Few Pointers 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 The Equilibrium Stage Alternative Approach 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Co-absorption in a Defined Column 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Numerical Examples 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14.1 Ammonia Train CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Removal with Sepasolv, NTUs 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14.2 Ammonia Train CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Removal with Selexol, NTUs 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14.3 Ammonia Train CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Removal with Selexol, NTUs by Numerical Integration 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Column Hardware 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Packings 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Types of Random Packings 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Types of Structured Packings 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Fluid Flow Design for Packings 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Operational Considerations 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Packing Auxiliaries 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Liquid Distributors 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Liquid Redistributors 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Packing Support 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Hold-Down Plate 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Tray Columns and Trays 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Types of Trays 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Functional Parts of a Tray Column 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Capacities and Limitations 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Flow Regimes on Trays 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Tray Column Efficiencies 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Spray Columns 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Demisters 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Knitted Wire Mesh Pads 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Vanes or Chevrons 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Examples 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 The Sepasolv Example from Chapter 7 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 The Selexol Example from Chapter 7 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Natural Gas Treating Example 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.4 Example, Flue Gas from CCGT 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Rotating Packed Beds 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Flooding and Pressure Drop 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Fluid Flow 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Mass Transfer Correlations 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Application to Gas Treating 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Absorption 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Desorption 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Other Salient Points 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Challenges Associated with Rotating Packed Beds 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Mass Transfer Models 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 The Film Model 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Penetration Theory 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Surface Renewal Theory 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Boundary Layer Theory 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Eddy Diffusion, ‘Film-Penetration’ and More 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Packings: Generic Considerations 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Random Packings 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Structured Packings 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Packed Column Correlations 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Tray Columns 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Examples 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Treatment of Natural Gas for CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Content 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Atmospheric Flue Gas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Capture 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Treatment of Natural Gas for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e O Content 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Comparison of Correlations 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. Chemistry and Mass Transfer 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Background 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Equilibrium or Kinetics 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Diffusion with Chemical Reaction 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Reaction Regimes Related to Mass Transfer 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Absorption with Slow Reaction 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Fast First Order Irreversible Reaction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Instantaneous Irreversible Reaction 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Instantaneous Reversible Reaction 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Second Order Irreversible Reaction 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Enhancement Factors 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Transition from Slow to Fast Reaction 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Arbitrary, Reversible Reactions and\/or Parallel Reactions 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Software 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Numerical Examples 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Natural Gas Problem with MEA 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Flue Gas Problem 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 Natural Gas Problem Revisited with MDEA 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13. Selective Absorption of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Background 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Theoretical Discussion of Rate Based Selectivity 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 What Fundamental Information is Available in the Literature? 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Equilibrium Data 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Rate and Selectivity Research Data 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Process Options and Industrial Practice 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Key Design Points 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Process Intensification 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Numerical Example 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14. Gas Dehydration 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Background 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Dehydration Options 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Glycol Based Processes 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Contaminants and Countermeasures 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Operational Problems 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 TEG Equilibrium Data 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Hydrate Inhibition in Pipelines 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Determination of Water 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Example Problems 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.1 Example 1: Check for Hydrate Potential 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.2 Example 2: TEG and Water Balance 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.3 Example 3: Tower Diameter 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9.4 Example 4: Mass Transfer Resistances 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15. Experimental Techniques 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Experimental Design 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Laminar Jet 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Background 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Past Users 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Wetted Wall 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Background 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Mathematics and Practicalities 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Past Users 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Single Sphere 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Background 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Past Users 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Stirred Cell 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Background 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Past Users 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Stopped Flow 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Background 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.4 Past Users 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Other Mass Transfer Methods Less Used 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.1 Rapid Mixing 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.2 Rotating Drum 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.3 Moving Band 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.4 Kinetic Measurement Techniques Summarised 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Other Techniques in Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Equilibrium Measurements 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.1 Physical Solubilities 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.2 Chemical Solubilities 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Data Interpretation and Sub-Models 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16. Absorption Equilibria 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Fundamental Relations 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Literature Data Reported 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Danckwerts–McNeil 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Kent–Eisenberg 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Deshmukh–Mather 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Electrolyte NRTL (Austgen–Bishnoi–Chen–Rochelle) 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Li–Mather 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Extended UNIQUAC 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 EoS – SAFT 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Other Models 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17. Desorption 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Chemistry of Desorption 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Zwitterion Based Analysis 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Crooks–Donnellan 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Alternative Mechanisms 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 For Tertiary Amines 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.5 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS Desorption 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Kinetics of Reaction 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Bubbling Desorption 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Desorption Process Analysis and Modelling 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Unconventional Approaches to Desorption 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18. Heat Exchangers 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Reboiler 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Heat Media 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Kettle Reboiler Design 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Reboiler Specifics 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Alternatives to Kettle Reboiler 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Desorber Overhead Condenser 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Introduction 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 The Reflux System 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 The Condenser Design 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Alternatives 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Economiser or Lean\/Rich Heat Exchanger 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Introduction 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 Design Considerations 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Amine Cooler 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Water Wash Circulation Cooler 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Heat Exchanger Alternatives 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19. Solution Management 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Contaminant Problem 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Feed Gas Pretreatment 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Rich Absorbent Flash 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Filter 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.1 Active Carbon Filter 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.2 Mechanical Filter 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Reclaiming 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.1 Traditional Reclaiming 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.2 Ion Exchange Reclaiming 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.3 Electrodialysis Reclaiming 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Chemicals to Combat Foaming 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Corrosion Inhibitors 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Waste Handling 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Solution Containment 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Water Balance 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Cleaning the Plant Equipment 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Final Words on Solution Management 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20. Absorption–Desorption Cycle 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 The Cycle and the Dimensioning Specifications 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Alternative Cycle Variations 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Other Limitations 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Matching Process and Treating Demands 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Solution Management 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Flowsheet Variations to Save Desorption Energy 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21. Degradation 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction to Degradation 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Carbamate Polymerisation 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Thermal Degradation 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Oxidative Degradation 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Corrosion and Degradation 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 The Effect of Heat Stable Salts (HSSs) 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 SO\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e and NO\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e in Feed Gas 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Nitrosamines 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9 Concluding Remarks 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22. Materials, Corrosion, Inhibitors 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Corrosion Basics 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Gas Phase 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Protective Layers and What Makes Them Break Down (Chemistry) 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Fluid Velocities and Corrosion 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Stress Induced Corrosion 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Effect of Heat Stable Salts (HSS) 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Inhibitors 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9 Problem Areas, Observations and Mitigation Actions 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23. Technological Fronts 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Historical Background 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Fundamental Understanding and Absorbent Trends 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Natural Gas Treating 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Syngas Treating 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Flue Gas Treating 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Where Are We Heading? 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24. Flue Gas Treating 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Pressure Drop and Size Issues 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Absorbent Degradation 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Treated Gas as Effluent 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Export Specification 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Energy Implications 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Cost Issues 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8 The Greenhouse Gas Problem 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8.1 Global Warming and Increased Level of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8.2 Geological Storage 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8.3 Transport of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8.4 Political Challenges 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeb Sites 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25. Natural Gas Treating (and Syngas) 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Gas Export Specification 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Natural Gas Contaminants and Foaming 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Hydrogen Sulfide 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Regeneration by Flash 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Choice of Absorbents 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26. Treating in Various Situations 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction and Environmental Perspective 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 End of Pipe Solutions 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Sulfur Dioxide 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Nitrogen Oxides 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Dusts and Aerosols 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 New Challenges 403\u003cbr\u003e Index 405\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406939431255,"sku":"9781118877739","price":95.36,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118877739.jpg?v=1730497625","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/gas-treating-9781118877739","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}