{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-materials-science-and-engineering-9781119747734","title":"Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Symbols xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Historical Perspective 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 1.1—Cargo Ship Failures 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Classification of Materials 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 1.2—Carbonated Beverage Containers 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Advanced Materials 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic Structure 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Fundamental Concepts 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Electrons in Atoms 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 The Periodic Table 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic Bonding in Solids 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 2.1—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Mixed Bonding 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Molecules 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 48\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystal Structures 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Fundamental Concepts 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Unit Cells 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Density Computations—Metals 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Silicate Ceramics 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Carbon 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Crystal Systems 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial of Importance 3.1—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Point Coordinates 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Crystallographic Directions 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Crystallographic Planes 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Single Crystals 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19 Anisotropy 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Polymer Structures 106\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Polymer Molecules 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Molecular Weight 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Molecular Shape 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Molecular Structure 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Molecular Configurations 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Copolymers 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Polymer Crystals 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Imperfections in Solids 134\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoint Defects 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Point Defects in Metals 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Impurities in Solids 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Point Defects in Polymers 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Specification of Composition 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Imperfections 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Interfacial Defects 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 5.1—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Atomic Vibrations 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroscopic Examination 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Microscopic Techniques 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Grain-Size Determination 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Diffusion 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Fick’s First Law 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 6.1—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Other Diffusion Paths 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Mechanical Properties 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElastic Deformation 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Anelasticity 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Behavior—Metals 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Tensile Properties 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 True Stress and Strain 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Behavior—Ceramics 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Flexural Strength 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Elastic Behavior 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Behavior—Polymers 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Macroscopic Deformation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness and Other Mechanical Property Considerations 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16 Hardness 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty Variability and Design\/Safety Factors 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19 Variability of Material Properties 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20 Design\/Safety Factors 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms 246\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeformation Mechanisms for Metals 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Historical 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Slip Systems 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Slip in Single Crystals 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Deformation by Twinning 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Strain Hardening 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Recovery 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Recrystallization 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Grain Growth 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeformation Mechanisms for Ceramic Materials 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Deformation and for Strengthening of Polymers 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 8.1—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.19 Deformation of Elastomers 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Failure 286\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFracture 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Ductile Fracture 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Brittle Fracture 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Fracture of Polymers 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Fracture Toughness Testing 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatigue 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Cyclic Stresses 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 The S–N Curve 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Environmental Effects 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreep 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16 Stress and Temperature Effects 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17 Data Extrapolation Methods 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Phase Diagrams 336\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinitions and Basic Concepts 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Solubility Limit 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Phases 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Microstructure 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Phase Equilibria 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinary Phase Diagrams 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 10.1—Lead-Free Solders 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Iron–Carbon System 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Phase Transformations 390\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase Transformations in Metals 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Basic Concepts 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrostructural and Property Changes in Iron–Carbon Alloys 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Tempered Martensite 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 11.1—ShapeMemory Alloys 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation Hardening 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Heat Treatments 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Mechanism of Hardening 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Phenomena in Polymers 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Crystallization 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14 Melting 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15 The Glass Transition 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Electrical Properties 445\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conduction 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Ohm’s Law 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Electrical Conductivity 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Electron Mobility 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemiconductivity 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14 The Hall Effect 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.15 Semiconductor Devices 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conduction in Ionic Ceramics and in Polymers 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDielectric Behavior 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.18 Capacitance 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.20 Types of Polarization 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.21 Frequency Dependence of The Dielectric Constant 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.22 Dielectric Strength 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.23 Dielectric Materials 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Electrical Characteristics of Materials 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.24 Ferroelectricity 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25 Piezoelectricity 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial of Importance 12.1—Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. Types and Applications of Materials 493\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Metal Alloys 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Ferrous Alloys 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Nonferrous Alloys 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 13.1—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Ceramics 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Glasses 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Glass-Ceramics 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Clay Products 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Refractories 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Abrasives 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Cements 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Ceramic Biomaterials 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Carbons 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Advanced Ceramics 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Polymers 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Plastics 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 13.2—Phenolic Billiard Balls 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 Elastomers 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15 Fibers 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16 Miscellaneous Applications 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17 Polymeric Biomaterials 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials 553\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabrication of Metals 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Forming Operations 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Casting 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Processing of Metals 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Annealing Processes 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Heat Treatment of Steels 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabrication of Ceramic Materials 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Powder Pressing 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Tape Casting 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesis and Fabrication of Polymers 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 Polymerization 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14 Polymer Additives 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15 Forming Techniques for Plastics 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16 Fabrication of Elastomers 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18 3D Printing of Polymers 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. Composites 606\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle-Reinforced Composites 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Large–Particle Composites 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiber-Reinforced Composites 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Influence of Fiber Length 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 The Fiber Phase 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 The Matrix Phase 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Hybrid Composites 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural Composites 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Laminar Composites 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15 Sandwich Panels 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 15.1—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16 Nanocomposites 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 649\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion of Metals 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Corrosion Rates 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Passivity 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Environmental Effects 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Forms of Corrosion 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Corrosion Environments 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Corrosion Prevention 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Oxidation 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion of Ceramic Materials 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegradation of Polymers 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Bond Rupture 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Weathering 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Thermal Properties 690\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Heat Capacity 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Thermal Expansion 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 17.1—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Thermal Conductivity 698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Thermal Stresses 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 704\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18. Magnetic Properties 706\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Basic Concepts 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Ferromagnetism 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 18.1—An Iron–Silicon Alloy that Is Used in Transformer Cores 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Magnetic Storage 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Superconductivity 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 735\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19. Optical Properties 739\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Concepts 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 742\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 743\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical Properties of Metals 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical Properties of Nonmetals 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Refraction 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Reflection 747\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Absorption 747\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Transmission 751\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Color 751\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 753\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of Optical Phenomena 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Luminescence 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Photoconductivity 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 19.1—LightEmitting Diodes 755\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Lasers 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20. Environmental and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 767\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Environmental and Societal Considerations 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 20.1— Biodegradable and Biorenewable\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymers\/Plastics 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 777\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 778\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1: The SI Base Units A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2: Some SI-Derived Units A-2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3: SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes A-2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4: Unit Abbreviations A-3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.5: Unit Conversion Factors A-3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1: Density A-5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2: Modulus of Elasticity A-8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3: Poisson’s Ratio A-12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.4: Strength and Ductility A-13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A-18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A-20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.7: Thermal Conductivity A-23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.8: Specific Heat A-26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.9: Electrical Resistivity A-29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.10: Metal Alloy Compositions A-32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix F Characteristics of Selected Elements A-44\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix G Values of Selected Physical Constants A-45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix H Periodic Table of the Elements A-45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary G-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems P-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswers to Selected Problems P-A1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528863392087,"sku":"9781119747734","price":128.66,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/fundamentals-of-materials-science-and-engineering-9781119747734","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}