{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-critical-care-9781119783251","title":"Fundamentals of Critical Care","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow to use your textbook xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the companion website xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 The critical care unit 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVikki Park\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevels of care 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe critical care environment 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care patients 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel 1 care 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel 2 care 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel 3 care 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care competence 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interprofessional team 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWays of working 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding philosophies of care 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanising critical care 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurviving critical care 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath in critical care 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResilience 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture challenges 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Organisational influences 14\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVikki Park\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe four UK nations 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegislation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional Statutory Regulatory Bodies (PSRBs) 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShared decision making 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapacity for shared decision making 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidentiality 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecisions relating to end-of-life care 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk management 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational influences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational influences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK government organisations 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetworks 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational guidelines 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality assurance 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal policies 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Legal and ethical issues 24\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLeonie Armstrong, Tracey Carrott, and Jacqueline Newby\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidentiality 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-life care and best interest decisions 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical themes 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMental Capacity Act 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan donation 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsent (authorisation in Scotland) for organ donation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst person consent 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst person opt-in 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst person opt-out 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppointed\/nominated representative (not Scotland) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeemed consent 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethics of deemed consent 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsent from a person in the highest-ranking relationship 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCadaveric organ donation 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe organ donation process 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost organ retrieval 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan allocation 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Professional issues in critical care 37\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAurora Medonica\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpportunities for learning 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMC Code in critical care units: journey to independent, safe practice 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe core principles 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK National Competency Framework: critical care 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of critical thinking in healthcare 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prioritising process 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport systems: the student 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Using an evidence-based approach 46\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eSadie Diamond-Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is evidence-based practice (EBP)? 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1: formulating a clinical question – the PICO method 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2: locating the evidence\/research: performing a systematic literature review 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3: critical appraisal and the hierarchy of evidence 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 4: extracting the most relevant and useful results 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 5: implementing research into practice 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality healthcare in critical care 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical audit and quality improvement 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch and development in critical care 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Nursing care 58\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSarah Crowe and Fiona McLeod\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandards of care 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical care 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobility 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care bundles 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Skin integrity 70\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVictoria Clemett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology of the skin 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of ageing on skin and tissue integrity 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure ulcers 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing assessment 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevention of pressure ulcers 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of pressure ulcers 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound healing 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient factors that affect wound healing 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing assessment 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognising wound infection 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of non-healing wounds 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Shock 86\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShock 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypovolaemic shock 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood analysis 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple organ dysfunction syndrome 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaging of hypovolaemic shock 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of managing hypovolaemic shock 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid resuscitation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and education for Registered Nurses 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic shock 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstructive shock 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltered pathophysiology 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTension pneumothorax 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac tamponade 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary embolism (PE) 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributive shock 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Communication 98\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Jebb\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunicating effectively with patients 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunicating during a pandemic 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication with families 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Electronic health records 105\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTimothy Kuhn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitisation within healthcare 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstand your responsibilities and the law in relation to record keeping 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensive Care Society Guidelines 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the different types of EHRs in critical care and how they are used 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding what patient data is available within the critical care unit and how this is recorded in an electronic health record 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding how EHRs are used in critical care audit and research 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the benefits and barriers to EHRs 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 Pharmacology 115\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSadie Diamond-Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe processes of drug therapy 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication safety in critical care 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrugs and dialysis 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore drugs utilised within critical care 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory drugs 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular drugs 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaematological drugs 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenal drugs 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluids and electrolytes 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal drugs 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2-histamine antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-emetics 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological drugs 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpioids 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-opioid analgesics 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidural and regional anaesthesia 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedatives and anxiolytics 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle relaxants 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticonvulsants 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntideliriogenics 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunomodulatory drugs 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial agents 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungals 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiviral drugs 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorticosteroids 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunoglobulins 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicology 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 Anaesthesia and sedation 138\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLorraine Mutrie and Iain Carstairs\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndications for sedation and anaesthesia 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaesthetic and sedative medications 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedative drugs 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuromuscular blocking agents and reversal agents 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedation management 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 Medicines management and drug calculations 150\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJan Guerin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose of pharmacological interventions in the critically ill adult patient 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegal and professional issues 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollaborative multidisciplinary team working 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication errors 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of routes and methods of administering medications in CCU 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRights of medication administration 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManaging and reporting a medication error 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaphylaxis 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology and clinical manifestations of DIA 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement for DIA 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication calculation formulae 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplacement 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 Neurological critical care 167\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamantha O’Driscoll\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological anatomy and physiology 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral nervous system 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological assessment 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns and symptoms of increasing ICP 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary and secondary brain injury 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of raised ICP 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing care 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 Cognition 186\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill and Sadie Diamond-Fox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of cognitive impairment 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns of cognitive impairment 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelirium 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of delirium 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of sleep in ICU 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16 Respiratory care: intubation and mechanical ventilation 197\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill and Lorraine Mutrie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory failure 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoventilation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilation\/perfusion (V\/Q) mismatch 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork of breathing 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArterial blood gases (ABGs) 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-invasive\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eventilation (NIV) 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh flow nasal oxygen 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntubation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical ventilation 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial ventilation 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinute ventilation (Vm) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFraction of inspired oxygen 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive end-expiratory\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epressure (PEEP) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume control 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure control 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInspiratory:Expiratory (I:E) ratio 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInverse ratio 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynchronisation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumidification 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenefits of mechanical ventilation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisks of mechanical ventilation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilator care bundles 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProne positioning 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProne positioning in COVID-19 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeaning from mechanical ventilation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17 Lung function in critical care 213\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRana Din and Joyce Smith\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of air 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlveolar gas 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpired air 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung volumes 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary ventilation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal respiration 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilation\/Perfusion 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport of gases 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal respiration 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of lung function 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal breath sounds (vesicular) 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent Sounds 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheeze 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrackles 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work of breathing 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompliance 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmphysema 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsthma 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstructive sleep apnoea 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProne positioning 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 18 Cardiac physiology 227\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Sinnott\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of the cardiovascular system 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy of the heart and great vessels 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePericardium 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayers of the heart 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChambers of the heart 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValves of the heart 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoronary circulation 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac conduction system 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cardiac cycle 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac output and blood pressure 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of heart rate 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStroke volume 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regulation of blood pressure 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microcirculation 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapillary exchange 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of ventilation on the cardiovascular system 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 19 Cardiovascular critical care 247\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlice Shaw and Paul Sinnott\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular assessment 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart rate and rhythm 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtrial ectopic beats 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentricular ectopic beats 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood pressure 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasive blood pressure monitoring 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral venous catheters (CVCs) and central venous pressure (CVP) 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarkers of organ and tissue perfusion 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological status 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrine output 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood results 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced haemodynamic monitoring 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac pacing 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 20 Fluids and electrolytes in critically ill patients 265\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe role of the critical care nurse 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntravenous fluids 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystalloids versus colloids critical care 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid management 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThird spacing 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment and monitoring 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and education 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrolyte replacement therapy 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of hyperkalaemia 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral sodium and water 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral rehydration therapy (ORT) 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral bicarbonate 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParenteral preparations for fluid and electrolyte imbalance 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma and plasma substitutes 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma substitutes 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid overload 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe four Ds of fluid management 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyponatraemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypernatraemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypokalaemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyperkalaemia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypophosphataemia 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypocalcaemia 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypomagnesaemia 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 21 Critical care emergencies 280\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexandra Gatehouse and Sadie Diamond-Fox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA – Airway 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB – Breathing 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC – Circulation\/Cardiovascular 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD – Disability 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE – Everything else (exposure, endocrine, electrolytes and environmental) 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare of the patient post return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care emergencies and human factors 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebriefing 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation (DNACPR) and Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment (ReSPECT) 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 22 Gastrointestinal critical care 313\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Riley, Joe Box, and Aileen Aherne\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI monitoring and investigation in the critically ill 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImaging and endoscopy 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBowel charts and abnormal GI motility 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe acute abdomen in critical care 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon surgical procedures cared for in critical care 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-operative monitoring 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal surgical drains 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaesthetics 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-operative complications 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound dehiscence 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI pharmacology 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 23 Nutrition in critical care 330\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill and Lorraine Mutrie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFight or flight 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaustion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional screening and assessment 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect calorimetry (IC) 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoutes of administration 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare of people with feeding tubes 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycaemic control 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefeeding syndrome 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscontinuing feed 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional guidance 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 24 Renal critical care 343\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexandra Gatehouse and Sadie Diamond-Fox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy and physiology of the renal tract 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVascular supply 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nephrons 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of plasma osmolality 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrolyte balance 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid-base balance 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenal failure 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute kidney injury 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of AKI 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgan cross-talk 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors for AKI 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical features and examination 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigations 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific disorders associated with AKI 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug-induced renal damage 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of AKI 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical features and examination 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetic nephropathy 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosing of CRRT 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticoagulation 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug dosing and RRT 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney transplantation – critical care considerations 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 25 Endocrine critical care 370\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeraldine Fitzgerald O’Connor and Emma Long\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid and parathyroid glands 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of the thyroid gland 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid crisis 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParathyroid glands 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of the parathyroid glands 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypocalcaemia 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePituitary gland 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of the pituitary gland 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes insipidus 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyperglycaemia in the critically ill 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetic emergencies 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathophysiology 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 26 Haematological and immunological critical care 385\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Hill, Gerri Mortimore, and Pamela Arasen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal physiology 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood components 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaematopoiesis 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisorders of erythrocytes 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB12 vitamin deficiency 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSickle cell anaemia 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic haemochromatosis 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaemostasis 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphoma 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisseminated intravascular coagulation 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrombocytopenia 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutropenia and sepsis 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVasculitis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood transfusions in adults 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood sample collections 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood groups 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompatibility 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndications for blood transfusions 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelets 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh frozen plasma (FFP) 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryoprecipitate 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGranulocytes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedural safety 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-procedure and sampling 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdministration of the blood product 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-procedural care 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraceability 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient information 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternatives to blood transfusions 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of SaBTO recommendations on consent 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 27 Musculoskeletal considerations in critical care 411\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eClare L. Wade and Helen Sanger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of traumatic injury 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensive care unit-acquired weakness 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of musculoskeletal impairment or injury 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of musculoskeletal injury and impairment 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 28 Burn care within a critical care setting 426\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNicole Lee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of burn wound depths 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathological considerations 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurn size estimation 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn ABCDE approach to burn care 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreathing 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisability (neurological assessment) 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure (and everything else) 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological support 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 29 Maternal critical care 438\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWendy Pollock\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdapted physiology 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognising clinical deterioration 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing considerations and recommendations for practice 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 30 Critical care transfers 451\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKirstin Geer, Mark Cannan, and Stuart Cox\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInter-hospital and intra-hospital patient transfers 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer of the critically ill adult 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical care bed and repatriation 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe risks of critical care transfer 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation for transfer 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABCDE process during critical care transfer 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 31 Rehabilitation after critical illness 470\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHelen Sanger and Clare L. Wade\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of critical illness – what do we mean by morbidity? 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing physical functioning and morbidity 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModels of post-critical care morbidity 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoals 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey timepoints in RaCI 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational guidelines and standards 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 32 Dying and death 484\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHelen Merlane and Leonie Armstrong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-life care 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalliative care 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDying 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognising Dying 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvance care planning 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvolve and support 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing the dying patient 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe critical care environment 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymptom management 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-life care discharges from a critical care setting 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare after death 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 497\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407150326103,"sku":"9781119783251","price":34.19,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119783251.jpg?v=1730498344","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/fundamentals-of-critical-care-9781119783251","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}