{"product_id":"friendly-fire-9780691095189","title":"Friendly Fire","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn April 14, 1994, two US Air Force F-15 fighters accidentally shot down two US Army Black Hawk Helicopters over Northern Iraq, killing all twenty-six peacekeepers onboard. This book attempts to make sense of this tragedy - a tragedy that on its surface makes no sense at all.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWinner of the George Terry Award \"The reader will be fascinated... The conclusion is eye-opening and the 'lessons learned' are insightful... A lucid and well-argued book that is a must-read for anyone seeking to comprehend the complexity of fratricide.\"--John Davis, Air Power History \"Friendly Fire is a deeply intriguing analysis of a highly complex incident that resulted in needless deaths... Drawing on an extensive knowledge of systems theory and organizational behavior, [Snook] weaves an account of an organization on the edge of chaos, a nearly deterministic system ultimately responsible for the resultant loss of life. His conclusions are as disturbing as they are fascinating... Snook paints a disconcerting picture of the potential pitfalls of organizational complacency that every military professional should take to heart... A concise, well-written account of human tragedies... Snook presents a thoroughly analytical, yet exceptionally unambiguous, narrative of the events that ultimately led to the deaths of 26 peacekeepers. Any research into this incident would be incomplete without the information [this] author provide[s].\"--Steven Leonard, Military History\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eList of Figures ix  Preface xi  Acknowledgments xiii  List of Abbreviations xv  1. Introduction: How In the World Could This Happen? 3  Motivation: To Learn from and Correct Our Mistakes 7  Theoretical Domain: A Normal Accident in a Highly Reliable Organization 10  Data: We Know Exactly \"What\" Happened 15  Analytical Strategy: Constructing a Causal Map 18  Outline of the Book: An Explanation Across Levels 22  2. The Shootdown: A Thin Description 26  Background: Context Is Important 26  Command and Control: Dense Webs of Crosscutting Guidance 31  The Players: SAVVY, COUGAR, MAD DOG, DUKE, EAGLEs, and TIGERs 40  The Shootdown: A Deadly Dance 52  Multiple Explanations: A Walk Through the Causal Map 65  3. Individual-Level Account: Why Did the F-15 Pilots Misidentify the Black Hawks? 71  Making Sense: Seeing Through the Mind's Eye 75  Ambiguous Stimulus: What Did They Actually See? 76  Expectations: What Did They Expect to See? 80  Desire: What Did They Want to See? 94  Summary: Why They Saw What They Saw 96  4. Group-Level Account: Why Did the AWACS Crew Fail to Intervene? 99  A Weak Team: Overmatched 104  Diffuse Responsibility: When Everyone's Responsible No One Is 119  Summary: The Fallacy of Social Redundancy 135  Organizational-Level Account: Why Wasn't Eagle Flight Integrated into Task Force Operations? 136  Differentiation and Integration: Whatever You Divide, You Have to Put Back Together Again 143  Interdependence: Multiple Failures to Coordinate 152  Summary: How It All Came Apart 177  6. Cross-Levels Account: A Theory of Practical Drift 179  Practical Action: A Core Category 182  Practical Drift: A Theory 186  7. Conclusions: There But by the Grace of God 202  On Theoretical Reminders: Normal Behavior Abnormal Outcome 204  On Practical Drift: Or Is It Sailing? 220  Implications: Let's Build a Library 232  Appendixes   1. Method 237  2. Friendly Fire Applied: Lessons for Your Organization? 239  References 241  Index 251","brand":"Princeton University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48865517699415,"sku":"9780691095189","price":31.5,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780691095189.jpg?v=1722274352","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/friendly-fire-9780691095189","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}