{"product_id":"foundations-of-forensic-document-analysis-9781118729939","title":"Foundations of Forensic Document Analysis","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eForensic document examination is a long established specialty and its practitioners have regularly been shown to have acquired skills that enable them to assist the judicial process.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAbout the Author xi \u003cp\u003eSeries Foreword xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Historical background 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Is document examination a science at all? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Quality assurance 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Standards in forensic document examination 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Competence of forensic practitioners 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Cognitive bias 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Training to be a forensic document examiner 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Handwriting Development and Comparison 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The process of writing 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Models of writing production 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 The learning of handwriting in young children 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Handwriting in the adolescent: the origins of individuality 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Mature handwriting of the adult 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 The deterioration of handwriting skill 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 The forensic analysis of handwriting 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Specimen handwriting 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Writing implements 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Pre-examination review 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.4 The natural variation of handwriting 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Interpretation of handwriting evidence 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Limitations to the evidence in handwriting cases 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Reaching conclusions 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.3 Computer use in interpretation 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Examination notes in handwriting cases 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Reporting findings 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandwriting comparison: a worked example 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Signature Examination 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The development of signatures 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 External influences: alcohol, infirmity and old age 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Guided hand signatures 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Signatures in blind people 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Simulating signatures 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Computer-based recognition of signatures 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 The forensic examination of signatures 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Interpreting findings in signature cases 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Note taking in signature cases 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Reports in signature cases 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignature comparison: a worked example 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Documents Produced Using Office Technology 89\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Typewriters 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The forensic examination of typebar typewriters 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Single element typewriters 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Typewriter ribbons and correcting typescript 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Correcting typed documents 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Computer printers 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Impact matrix printers 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Laser printers 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 The forensic examination of laser printers and laser printed documents 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Inkjet printers 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 The forensic examination of inkjet printers 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Fax (facsimile) machines 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Photocopiers 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 The forensic examination of copy documents 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Composite documents 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Analysis of toner 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Case notes in cases involving typed and copied documents 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Reports in cases involving typed and copied documents 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypescript comparison: a worked example 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Examination of Printed Documents 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Some general principles of printing 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Ink properties 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Colour management 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Registration 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Half tone printing 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Traditional photographic and modern computer-based processes 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Relief printing processes 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Letterpress 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Stamp impressions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Planographic printing 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Recess printing 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Screen printing 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Security documents 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Personalisation of documents 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Dry transfer lettering 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Key diagnostic features of various printing methods 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Case notes in printing cases 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Reports in cases involving printing 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinting examination: a worked example 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Materials Used to Create Documents 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Paper 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Manufacture of paper 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Additives used in papermaking 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Paper for security documents 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Paper products 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Ink 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Pen inks 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Printing inks 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Staples 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Adhesives 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Miscellaneous materials 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Case notes relating to the physical components of a document 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Reports relating to the physical components of a document 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaper examination: a worked example 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Analytical Techniques Used in Document Examination 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Chromatography 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Gas chromatography (GC) 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Mass spectrometry (MS) 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Spectroscopy 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Infrared spectroscopy 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Raman spectroscopy 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Electrophoresis 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Case notes when scientific equipment is used 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Reports in cases where scientific equipment is used 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorked example 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Altered and Tampered Documents 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Alterations involving the examination of inks 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Microscopy of ink lines 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Optical properties of ink 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Chemical analysis of inks 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Where two inks intersect 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The examination of paper 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Torn or shredded paper 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Marks in paper 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Punched holes and perforations 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 The examination of written or machine-generated details 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Erasures and obliterations 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Copy documents 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Altering security documents 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Case notes in alterations cases 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Reports in alterations cases 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlterations examination: a worked example 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Indented Impressions 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Visualising indented impressions 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Electrostatic method 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Secondary impressions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Determining the sequence of handwriting and impressions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Examining multiple-page documents 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Deciphering electrostatic traces 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Oblique light 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Case notes in indented impressions cases 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Reports in indented impressions cases 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpressions examination: a worked example 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport of Forensic Expert 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Dating Documents 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Dating handwriting 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Dating ink 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Dating paper (and other related materials) 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Dating typescript and other mechanical processes 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Dating pages from a pad or stack of paper 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Impressions of handwriting 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Ink transfer 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Multipage documents 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Sequencing 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Ballpoint ink and ballpoint ink 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Stamp pad inks and other media 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Toner and other inks 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Miscellaneous factors 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Summary 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Case notes and reports in cases involving document dating 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorked example 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Duties of The Expert 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Note taking 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Reports 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Expressing conclusions 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Preparing for court 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Giving evidence 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Giving your evidence 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Answering questions 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Ethics and duties of experts 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Dealing with clients 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Cognitive bias 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Summary 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 241\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default 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