{"product_id":"fluids-colloids-and-soft-materials-9781118065624","title":"Fluids Colloids and Soft Materials","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book presents a compilation of self-contained chapters covering a wide range of topics within the broad field of soft condensed matter. Each chapter starts with basic definitions to bring the reader up-to-date on the topic at hand, describing how to use fluid flows to generate soft materials of high value either for applications or for basic research. Coverage includes topics related to colloidal suspensions and soft materials and how they differ in behavior, along with a roadmap for researchers on how to use soft materials to study relevant physics questions related to geometrical frustration.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface xv \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION I FLUID FLOWS 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Drop Generation in Controlled Fluid Flows 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eElena Castro Hernandez, Josefa Guerrero, Alberto Fernandez-Nieves, \u0026amp; Jose M. Gordillo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction, 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Coflow, 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Problem and Dimensionless Numbers, 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Dripping and Jetting, 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Narrowing Jets, 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Unified Scaling of the Drop Size in Both Narrowing and Widening Regimes, 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Convective Versus Absolute Instabilities, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Flow Focusing, 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Summary and Outlook, 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Electric Field Effects 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrancisco J. Higuera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction, 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Mathematical Formulation and Estimates, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Conical Meniscus, 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Cone-to-Jet Transition Region and Beyond, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Very Viscous Liquids, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Applications and Extensions, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Multiplexing, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Coaxial Jet Electrosprays, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Electrodispersion in Dielectric Liquid Baths, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Fluid Flows for Engineering Complex Materials 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIgnacio G. Loscertales\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction, 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Single Fluid Micro- or Nanoparticles, 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Flows Through Micron-Sized Apertures, 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Microflows Driven by Hydrodynamic Focusing, 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Micro- and Nanoflows Driven by Electric Forces, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Steady-state Complex Capillary Flows for Particles with Complex Structure, 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Hydrodynamic Focusing, 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Electrified Coaxial Jet, 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Summary, 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments, 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION II COLLOIDS IN EXTERNAL FIELDS 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Fluctuations in Particle Sedimentation 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eP.N. Segrè\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction, 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Mean Sedimentation Rate, 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Brownian Sedimentation, 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Non-Brownian Sedimentation, 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Velocity Fluctuations, 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Introduction, 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaflisch and Luke Divergence Paradox, 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Thin Cells and Quasi Steady-State Sedimentation, 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrodynamic Diffusion, 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Thick Cells, Time-Dependent Sedimentation, and Stratification, 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime-Dependent Sedimentation, 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratification Scaling Model, 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Stratification Model in a Fluidized Bed, 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Summary, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Particles in Electric Fields 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTodd M. Squires\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Electrostatics in Electrolytes, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 The Poisson–Boltzmann Equation, 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Assumptions Underlying the Poisson–Boltzmann Equation, 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Alternate Approach: The Electrochemical Potential, 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Electrokinetics, 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 The Poisson–Nernst–Planck–Stokes Equations, 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Electro-Osmotic Flows, 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Alternate Approach: The Electrochemical Potential, 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Electrophoresis, 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Electrophoresis in the Thick Double-Layer Limit, 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Electrophoresis in the Thin Double-Layer Limit, 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Electrophoresis for Arbitrary Charge and Screening Length, 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Concentration Polarization, 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Nonlinear Electrokinetic Effects, 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Induced-Charge Electrokinetics, 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Dielectrophoresis, 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Particle Interactions and Electrorheological Fluids, 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusions, 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Colloidal Dispersions in Shear Flow 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMinne P. Lettinga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction, 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Basic Concepts of Rheology, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Definition of Shear Flow, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Scaling the Shear Rate, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Flow Instabilities, 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Effect of Shear Flow on Crystallization of Colloidal Spheres, 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Equilibrium Phase Behavior, 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior, 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 The Effect on Flow Behavior, 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Effect of Shear Flow on Gas–Liquid Phase Separating Colloidal Spheres, 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Equilibrium Phase Behavior, 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior, 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 The Effect on Flow Behavior, 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Effect of Shear Flow on the Isotropic–Nematic Phase Transition of Colloidal Rods, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Equilibrium Phase Behavior: Isotropic–Nematic Phase Transition from a Dynamical Viewpoint, 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior of Sheared Rods: Theory, 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior of Sheared Rods: Experiment, 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 The Effect of the Isotropic–Nematic Transition on the Flow Behavior, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Concluding Remarks, 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Colloidal Interactions with Optical Fields: Optical Tweezers 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid McGloin, Craig McDonald, \u0026amp; Yuri Belotti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction, 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Theory, 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Experimental Systems, 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Optical Tweezers, 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Force Measuring Techniques, 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Radiation Pressure Traps, 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Beam Shaping Techniques, 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Applications, 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Colloidal Science, 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Nanoparticles, 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Colloidal Aerosols, 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusions, 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION III EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Scattering Techniques 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuca Cipelletti, Véronique Trappe, \u0026amp; David J. Pine\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction, 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Light and Other Scattering Techniques, 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Static Light Scattering, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Static Structure Factor, 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Form Factor, 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Dynamic Light Scattering, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Conventional Dynamic Light Scattering, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy, 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Dynamic Light Scattering from Nonergodic Media, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Multispeckle Methods, 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Time-Resolved Correlation, 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Imaging and Scattering, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Photon Correlation Imaging, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Near Field Scattering, 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Differential Dynamic Microscopy, 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Rheology of Soft Materials 149\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHans M. Wyss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction, 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Deformation and Flow: Basic Concepts, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Importance of Timescales, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Stress Relaxation Test: Time-Dependent Response, 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 The Linear Response Function G(t), 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Oscillatory Rheology: Frequency-Dependent Response, 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Storage Modulus G′ and Loss Modulus G′′, 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Relation Between Frequency- and Time-Dependent Measurements, 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Steady Shear Rheology, 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Nonlinear Rheology, 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) Measurements, 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Lissajous Curves and Geometrical Interpretation of LAOS Data, 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Fourier Transform Rheology, 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Examples of Typical Rheological Behavior for Different Soft Materials, 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Soft Glassy Materials, 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Gel Networks, 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Biopolymer Networks: Strain-Stiffening Behavior, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Rheometers, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Rotational Rheometers, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Measuring Geometries, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 Stress- and Strain-Controlled Rheometers, 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Conclusions, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Optical Microscopy of Soft Matter Systems 165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTaewoo Lee, Bohdan Senyuk, Rahul P. Trivedi, \u0026amp; Ivan I. Smalyukh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction, 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Basics of Optical Microscopy, 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Bright Field and Dark Field Microscopy, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Polarizing Microscopy, 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Differential Interference Contrast and Phase Contrast Microscopies, 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Fluorescence Microscopy, 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy, 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Fluorescence Confocal Polarizing Microscopy, 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Nonlinear Optical Microscopy, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Multiphoton Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.2 Multiharmonic Generation Microscopy, 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.3 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy, 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Polarizing Microscopy, 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy, 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Three-Dimensional Localization Using Engineered Point Spread Functions, 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Integrating Three-Dimensional Imaging Systems With Optical Tweezers, 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Outlook and Perspectives, 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION IV COLLOIDAL PHASES 187\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Colloidal Fluids 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJosé Luis Arauz-Lara\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction, 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Quasi-Two-Dimensional Colloidal Fluids, 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Static Structure, 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Model Pair Potential, 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 The Ornstein–Zernike Equation, 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Static Structure Factor, 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Self-Diffusion, 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Dynamic Structure, 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Conclusions, 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments, 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Colloidal Crystallization 203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhengdong Cheng\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Crystallization and Close Packing, 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 van der Waals Equation of State and Hard Spheres as Model for Simple Fluids, 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 The Realization of Colloidal Hard Spheres, 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Crystallization of Hard Spheres, 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Phase Behavior, 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Equation of State of Hard Spheres, 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Crystal Structures, 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Crystallization Kinetics, 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Crystallization of Charged Spheres, 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Phase Behavior, 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Crystallization Kinetics, 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Crystallization of Microgel Particles, 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Phase Behavior, 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Crystallization and Melting Kinetics, 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusions and New Directions, 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The Glass Transition 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohan Mattsson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Basics of Glass Formation, 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Basics of Glass Formation in Molecular Systems, 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Basics of Glass Formation in Colloidal Systems, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Structure of Molecular or Colloidal Glass-Forming Systems, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Dynamics of Glass-Forming Molecular Systems, 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Relaxation Dynamics as Manifested in the Time Domain, 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Relaxation Dynamics as Manifested in the Frequency Domain, 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 The Structural Relaxation Time, 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 The Stretching of the Structural Relaxation, 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 The Dynamic Crossover, 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Dynamics of Glass-Forming Colloidal Systems, 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 General Behavior, 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 The Structural Relaxation, 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 The Dynamic Crossover, 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 “Fragility” in Colloidal Systems, 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Glassy “Secondary” Relaxations, 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Further Comparisons Between Molecular and Colloidal Glass Formation, 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Dynamic Heterogeneity, 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Decoupling of Translational and Rotational Diffusion, 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 The Vibrational Properties and the Boson Peak, 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Theoretical Approaches to Understand Glass Formation, 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Above the Dynamic Crossover: Mode Coupling Theory, 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Below the Dynamic Crossover: Activated Dynamics, 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Conclusions, 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Colloidal Gelation 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eEmanuela Del Gado, Davide Fiocco, Giuseppe Foffi, Suliana Manley, Veronique Trappe, \u0026amp; Alessio Zaccone\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction: What Is a Gel? 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 An Experimental Summary: How Is a Gel Made? 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Colloid Interactions: Two Important Cases, 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 “Strong” Interactions: van der Waals Forces, 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 “Weak” Interactions: Depletion Interactions, 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Putting It All Together, 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Routes to Gelation, 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Dynamic Scaling, 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Fractal Aggregation, 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Elasticity of Colloidal Gels, 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Elasticity of Fractal Gels, 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Deformations and Connectivity, 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusions, 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION V OTHER SOFT MATERIALS 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Emulsions 295\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSudeep K. Dutta, Elizabeth Knowlton, \u0026amp; Daniel L. Blair\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Background, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Processing and Purification, 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Creation and Stability, 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Destabilization and Aggregation, 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Coarsening, 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Purification: Creaming and Depletion, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Emulsion Science, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Microfluidics: Emulsions on a Chip, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Dense Emulsions and Jamming, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 The Jammed State, 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 The Flowing State, 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Conclusions, 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 An Introduction to the Physics of Liquid Crystals 307\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJan P. F. Lagerwall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Overview of This Chapter, 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Liquid Crystal Classes and Phases, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 The Foundations: Long-Range Order, the Nematic Phase, and the Director Concept, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Thermotropics and Lyotropics: The Two Liquid Crystal Classes, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 The Smectic and Lamellar Phases, 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 The Columnar Phases, 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.5 Chiral Liquid Crystal Phases, 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.6 Liquid Crystal Polymorphism, 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 The Anisotropic Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals, 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 The Orientational Order Parameter, 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Optical Anisotropy, 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Dielectric, Conductive, and Magnetic Anisotropy and the Response to Electric and Magnetic Fields, 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 The Viscous Properties of Liquid Crystals, 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Deformations and Singularities in The Director Field, 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Liquid Crystal Elasticity, 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 The Characteristic Topological Defects of Liquid Crystals, 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 The Special Physical Properties of Chiral Liquid Crystals, 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Optical Activity and Selective Reflection, 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Some Examples From Present-Day Liquid Crystal Research, 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Colloid Particles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Colloid Particles, 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Biodetection with Liquid Crystals, 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Templating and Nano-\/Microstructuring Using Liquid Crystals, 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.4 Liquid Crystals for Photovoltaic and Electromechanical Energy Conversion, 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.5 Lipidomics and the Liquid Crystal Phases of Cell Membranes, 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.6 Active Nematics, 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Entangled Granular Media 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eNick Gravish \u0026amp; Daniel I. Goldman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Granular Materials, 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Dry, Convex Particles, 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Cohesion through Fluids, 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Cohesion through Shape, 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Characterize the Rheology of Granular Materials, 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Experiment, 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Experimental Apparatus, 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Packing Experiments, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Collapse Experiments, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Simulation, 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Random Contact Model of Rods, 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Packing Simulations, 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Conclusions, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Foams 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eReinhard Ḧohler \u0026amp; Sylvie Cohen-Addad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction, 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Equilibrium Structures, 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Equilibrium Conditions, 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Geometrical and Topological Properties, 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Static Bubble Interactions, 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Aging, 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Drainage, 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Coarsening, 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Coalescence, 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Rheology, 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Elastic Response, 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 Linear Viscoelasticity, 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.3 Yielding and Plastic Flow, 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.4 Viscous Flow, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.5 Rheology near the Jamming Transition, 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION VI ORDERED MATERIALS IN CURVED SPACES 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Crystals and Liquid Crystals Confined to Curved Geometries 371\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eVinzenz Koning, \u0026amp; Vincenzo Vitelli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction, 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Crystalline Solids and Liquid Crystals, 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Differential Geometry of Surfaces, 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Preliminaries, 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Curvature, 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Monge Gauge, 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Elasticity on Curved Surfaces and in Confined Geometries, 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Elasticity of a Two-Dimensional Nematic Liquid Crystal, 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Elasticity of a Two-Dimensional Solid, 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 Elasticity of a Three-dimensional Nematic Liquid Crystal, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Topological Defects, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.1 Disclinations in a Nematic, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.2 Disclinations in a Crystal, 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.3 Dislocations, 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Interaction Between Curvature and Defects, 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.1 Coupling in Liquid Crystals, 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.2 Coupling in Crystals, 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.3 Screening by Dislocations and Pleats, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6.4 Geometrical Potentials and Forces, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Nematics in Spherical Geometries, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7.1 Nematic Order on the Sphere, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7.2 Beyond Two Dimensions: Spherical Nematic Shells, 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Toroidal Nematics, 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Concluding Remarks, 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Nematics on Curved Surfaces – Computer Simulations of Nematic Shells 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMartin Bates\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction, 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Theory, 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Experiments on Spherical Shells, 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Nematics, 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Smectics, 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Computer Simulations – Practicalities, 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Introduction, 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Monte Carlo Simulations, 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Computer Simulations of Nematic Shells, 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.1 Spherical Shells, 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.2 Nonspherical Shells, 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Conclusions, 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 403\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406825529687,"sku":"9781118065624","price":135.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118065624.jpg?v=1730497245","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/fluids-colloids-and-soft-materials-9781118065624","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}