{"product_id":"fischer-tropsch-refining-9783527326051","title":"Fischer-Tropsch Refining","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Fischer-Tropsch process is gaining recognition again due to the world-wide increase in energy needs and decrease in oil availability. The increasing interest in utilizing biomass as a potential renewable feedstock in energy generation is further supporting this development. \u003cp\u003eThe book covers the production and refining of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude to fuels and chemicals systematically and comprehensively, presenting a wealth of new knowledge and material. As such, it deals extensively with aspects of engineering, chemistry and catalysis. This handbook and ready reference adopts a fundamental approach, looking at the molecules and their transformation from feed to product. Numerous examples illustrate the possibilities and limitations of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude as feesdstock.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf great interest to everyone interested in refining - not just Fischer-Tropsch specialists.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the Contents:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFischer-Tropsch Facilities and Refineries at a Glance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProduction of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndustrial Fischer-Tropsch Facilities\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSynthetic Transportation Fuels\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRefining Technology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRefinery Design\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e“I would strongly recommend this book to all who wish to become informed about the FT industry and its technology. It may well be the case that FT processes will play a dominant role in tomorrow's energy sources.”  (\u003ci\u003eChemistry World\u003c\/i\u003e, 2012)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Fischer–Tropsch Facilities at a Glance 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Feed-to-Syngas Conversion 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Feed Logistics and Feed Preparation 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Syngas Production 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Syngas Cleaning and Conditioning 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Syngas-to-Syncrude Conversion 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Syncrude-to-Product Conversion 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Upgrading versus Refining 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Fuels versus Chemicals 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Crude Oil Compared to Syncrude 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Indirect Liquefaction Economics 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Feed Cost 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Product Pricing 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Capital Cost 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Refining and Refineries at a Glance 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Conventional Crude Oil 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Nitrogen Compounds in Crude Oil 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Oxygenates in Crude Oil 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Metals in Crude Oil 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Physical Properties 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Products from Crude Oil 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Boiling Range and Product Quality 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Evolution of Crude Oil Refineries 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 First-Generation Crude Oil Refineries 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Second-Generation Crude Oil Refineries 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Third-Generation Crude Oil Refineries 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Fourth-Generation Crude Oil Refineries 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Petrochemical Refineries 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Lubricant Base Oil Refineries 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Production of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Synthesis Gas Production, Cleaning, and Conditioning 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Raw Materials 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Natural Gas 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Solid Carbon Sources 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Syngas from Natural Gas 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Natural Gas Cleaning 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Adiabatic Prereforming 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Steam Reforming 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Adiabatic Oxidative Reforming 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Gas Reforming Comparison 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Syngas from Solid Carbon Sources 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Gasification of Heteroatoms 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Low-Temperature Moving Bed Gasification 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Medium-Temperature Fluidized Bed Gasification 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 High-Temperature Entrained Flow Gasification 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Gasification Comparison 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Syngas Cleaning 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Acid Gas Removal 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Syngas Conditioning 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Water Gas Shift Conversion 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Air Separation Unit 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Fischer–Tropsch Mechanism 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fischer–Tropsch Product Selectivity 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Probability of Chain Growth 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Hydrogenation versus Desorption 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Readsorption Chemistry 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Selectivity Manipulation in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst Formulation 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Fischer–Tropsch Operating Conditions 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Fischer–Tropsch Reaction Engineering 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst Deactivation 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Poisoning by Syngas Contaminants 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Volatile Metal Carbonyl Formation 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Metal Carboxylate Formation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Mechanical Catalyst Degradation 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Deactivation of Fe-HTFT Catalysts 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Deactivation of Fe-LTFT Catalysts 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.7 Deactivation of Co-LTFT Catalysts 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Fischer–Tropsch Gas Loop 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Gas Loop Configurations 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Open Gas Loop Design 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Closed Gas Loop Design 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Syncrude Cooling and Separation 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Pressure Separation 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Cryogenic Separation 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Oxygenate Partitioning 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 HTFT Syncrude Recovery 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 LTFT Syncrude Recovery 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Industrial Fischer–Tropsch Facilities 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 German Fischer–Tropsch Facilities 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Synthesis Gas Production 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Normal-Pressure Synthesis 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Medium-Pressure Synthesis 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Gas Loop Design 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Carbon Efficiency 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Refining C \u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e –C \u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Crude LPG 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Refining Carbon Gasoline 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Refining of Condensate Oil 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Refining of Waxes 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Aqueous Product Refining 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Discussion of the Refinery Design 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 American Hydrocol Facility 141\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Synthesis Gas Production 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Oil Product Refining 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Refining Aqueous Product 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Discussion of the Refinery Design 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Sasol 1 Facility 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Synthesis Gas Production 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Lurgi Dry Ash Coal Gasification 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Rectisol Synthesis Gas Cleaning 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Kellogg HTFT synthesis 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Arge LTFT Synthesis 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Gas Loop Design 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Kellogg HTFT Oil Refining 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Arge LTFT Oil Refining 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Aqueous Product Refining 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Coal Pyrolysis Product Refining 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Synthetic Fuel Properties 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Evolution of the Sasol 1 Facility 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Changes in Synthesis Gas Production 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Changes in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Changes in Fischer–Tropsch Refining 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Changes in Coal Pyrolysis Product Refining 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Discussion of the Refinery Design 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sasol 2 and 3 Facilities 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Synthesis Gas Production 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Lurgi Dry Ash Coal Gasification 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Synthesis Gas Cleaning 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Gas Loop Design 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Synthol HTFT Condensate Refining 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Synthol HTFT Oil Refining 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Aqueous Product Refining 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Coal Pyrolysis Product Refining 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Synthetic Fuel Properties 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Evolution of Sasol Synfuels 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Changes in Synthesis Gas Production 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Changes in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Changes in Fischer–Tropsch Condensate Refining 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Extraction of Linear 1-Alkenes 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Changes in Fischer–Tropsch Oil Refining 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Changes in Fischer–Tropsch Aqueous Product Refining 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7 Changes in Coal Pyrolysis Product Refining 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8 Synthetic Jet Fuel 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Discussion of the Refinery Design 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Mossgas Facility 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Synthesis Gas Production 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Natural Gas Liquid Recovery 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Gas Reforming 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Gas Loop Design 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Oil Refining 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Aqueous Product Refining 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Synthetic Fuel Properties 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Evolution of the PetroSA Facility 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Addition of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Changes in the Fischer–Tropsch Refinery 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Discussion of the Refinery Design 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) Facilities 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Synthesis Gas Production in Bintulu GTL 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in Bintulu GTL 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining in Bintulu GTL 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Oil Refining 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Aqueous Product Treatment 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Pearl GTL Facility 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Discussion of the Refinery Design 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Oryx and Escravos Gas-to-Liquids Facilities 241\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Synthesis Gas Production in Oryx GTL 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in Oryx GTL 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Fischer–Tropsch Refining in Oryx GTL 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Oil Refining 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Aqueous Product Treatment 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Discussion of the Refinery Design 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Synthetic Transportation Fuels 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Motor-Gasoline 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Motor-Gasoline Specifications 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Motor-Gasoline Properties 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Octane Number 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Density 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Volatility 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Fuel Stability 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Alkene Content 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 Aromatic Content 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7 Sulfur Content 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.8 Oxygenate Content 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.9 Metal Content 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Aviation-Gasoline 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Future Motor-Gasoline Specification Changes 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Jet Fuel 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Jet Fuel Specifications 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Synthetic Jet Fuel 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Fuel for Military Use 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Jet Fuel Properties 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Net Heat of Combustion 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Density and Viscosity 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Freezing Point Temperature 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Aromatic Content and Smoke Point 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Sulfur and Acid Content 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Volatility 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.7 Stability 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.8 Elastomer Compatibility and Lubricity 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Future Jet Fuel Specification Changes 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Diesel Fuel 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 DieselFuelSpecifications 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 DieselFuelProperties 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Cetane Number 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Density and Viscosity 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Flash Point 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Lubricity 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Aromatic Content 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.6 Sulfur Content 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.7 Cold-Flow Properties 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.8 Stability 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.9 Elastomer Compatibility 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Diesel Fuel Additives That Affect Refinery Design 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Future Diesel Fuel Specification Changes 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Refining Technology 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Refining Technology Selection 303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Hydrotreating 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Hydrogenation of Alkenes 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Hydrodeoxygenation 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Addition and Removal of Oxygen 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Dehydration 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Etherification 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Hydration 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Esterification 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Carbonyl Aromatization 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.6 Hydroformylation 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.7 Autoxidation 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Alkene Conversion 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Double Bond Isomerization 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Metathesis 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Skeletal Isomerization 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Oligomerization 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Aliphatic Alkylation 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.6 Aromatic Alkylation 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Alkane Conversion 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Hydroisomerization 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Hydrocracking 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Naphtha Reforming and Aromatization 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 Dehydrogenation 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Residue Conversion 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Catalytic Cracking 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Visbreaking 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Thermal Cracking 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.4 Coking 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Fischer–Tropsch Refining Technology Selection 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Dehydration, Etherification, and Hydration 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Dehydration 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Reaction Chemistry 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Catalysis 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Syncrude Process Technology 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Etherification 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Reaction Chemistry 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Catalysis 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Syncrude Process Technology 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Hydration 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Reaction Chemistry 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Catalysis 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Syncrude Process Technology 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Isomerization 353\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Reaction Chemistry 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Alkene Skeletal Isomerization 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Alkane Hydroisomerization 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Skeletal Isomerization 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Butene Isomerization Catalysis 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Pentene Isomerization Catalysis 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Syncrude Process Technology 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Hydroisomerization 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Butane Hydroisomerization Catalysis 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e –C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c\/sub\u003e Naphtha Hydroisomerization catalysis 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.3 Heavy Alkane and Wax Hydroisomerization Catalysis 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.4 Syncrude Process Technology 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Oligomerization 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Reaction Chemistry 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Catalysis 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Solid Phosphoric Acid 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 H-ZSM-5 Zeolite 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Amorphous Silica–Alumina 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Acidic Resin 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Homogeneous Nickel 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.6 Thermal Oligomerization 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Syncrude Process Technology 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Aromatic Alkylation 393\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Reaction Chemistry 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Catalysis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Aromatic Alkylation with Ethene 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Aromatic Alkylation with Propene 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Aromatic Alkylation with C \u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e and Heavier Alkenes 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Syncrude Process Technology 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Cracking 407\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Reaction Chemistry 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Thermal Cracking 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Catalytic Cracking 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Hydrocracking 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Thermal Cracking 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Syncrude Processing Technology 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Catalytic Cracking 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1 Catalysis 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2 Syncrude Processing Technology 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Hydrocracking 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1 Catalysis 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.2 Syncrude Processing Technology 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Reforming and Aromatization 441\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Thermal Naphtha Reforming 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Conventional Catalytic Naphtha Reforming 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Reaction Chemistry 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Catalysis 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.3 Syncrude Processing Technology 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Monofunctional Nonacidic Pt\/L-Zeolite Naphtha Reforming 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Reaction Chemistry 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Catalysis 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Syncrude Processing Technology 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Aromatization 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Reaction Chemistry 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.2 Catalysis 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.3 Syncrude Processing Technology 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Chemical Technologies 465\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Production of n-1-Alkenes (Linear α-Olefins) 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Extraction of 1-Pentene and 1-Hexene 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Extraction of 1-Octene 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 Production of 1-Octene from 1-Heptene 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Distillate-Range n-1-Alkene Extraction 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Autoxidation 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Autoxidation Regimes 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Reaction Chemistry 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.3 Fischer–Tropsch Wax Oxidation 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.4 Syncrude Process Technology 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI Refinery Design 489\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Principles of Refinery Design 491\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Refinery Design Concepts 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Characteristic of the Refining Business 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.2 Complex Systems and Design Rules 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.3 Refining Complexity 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.4 Refining Efficiency 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Conceptual Refinery Design 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.1 Linear Programming 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.2 Hierarchical Design 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.3 Technology Preselection 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.4 Carbon-Number-Based Design 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Real-World Refinery Design 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1 Refinery Type 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.2 Refinery Products and Markets 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.3 Refinery Feed Selection 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.4 Refinery Location 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.5 Secondary Design Objectives 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Motor-Gasoline Refining 509\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Gap Analysis for Syncrude to Motor-Gasoline 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.1 Motor-Gasoline Specifications 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.2 Carbon Number Distribution 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.3 Composition and Quality 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Decisions Affecting Motor-Gasoline Refining 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.1 Chemicals Coproduction 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.2 Fate of C \u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e –C \u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Hydrocarbons 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.3 Fate of the Residue and Wax 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.4 Fate of the Aqueous Product 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.5 Alkane-Based Naphtha Refining 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.6 Technology Selection 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3.7 Co-refining 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Motor-Gasoline Refining from HTFT Syncrude 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.1 HTFT Motor-Gasoline Design Case I 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2 HTFT Motor-gasoline Design Case II 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Motor-Gasoline Refining from LTFT Syncrude 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5.1 LTFT Motor-Gasoline Design Case I 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5.2 LTFT Motor-gasoline Design Case II 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5.3 LTFT Motor-gasoline Design Case III 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Jet Fuel Refining 541\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Gap Analysis for Syncrude to Jet Fuel 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.1 Jet Fuel Specifications 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2 Carbon Number Distribution 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.3 Composition and Quality 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Decisions Affecting Jet Fuel Refining 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.1 Fate of C \u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e –C \u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e Hydrocarbons 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.2 Fate of the Residue and Wax 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.3 Technology Selection 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.4 Co-refining 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Jet Fuel Refining from HTFT Syncrude 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 HTFT Jet Fuel Design Case I 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.2 HTFT Jet Fuel Design Case II 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Jet Fuel Refining from LTFT Syncrude 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5.1 LTFT Jet Fuel Design Case I 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Diesel Fuel Refining 559\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Gap Analysis for Syncrude to Diesel Fuel 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Chemicals and Lubricant Refining 581\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Petrochemical and Lubricant Markets 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 603\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49419448090967,"sku":"9783527326051","price":113.96,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/fischer-tropsch-refining-9783527326051","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}