{"product_id":"finnish-9781138821040","title":"Finnish","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFinnish: A Comprehensive Grammar\u003c\/em\u003e presents a fresh, accessible and thorough description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Finnish. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book moves from the sound system through morphology and word classes to a detailed analysis of sentence structures and semantic features. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey features include: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eparticular focus on examples from spoken Finnish reflecting current usage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003egrammatical phenomena classified as common or rare\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eappendices identifying stems and sequences of endings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnglish-Finnish contrasts highlighted throughout.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFinnish: A Comprehensive Grammar\u003c\/em\u003e is an essential reference for the intermediate and advanced learner and user of Finnish. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotational conventions and abbreviations \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 1 Introduction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 The relation of Finnish to other languages \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 Finnish and Finland, past and present \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 The basic characteristics of Finnish \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 What are the special difficulties? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 2 Pronunciation and sound structure \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1 Letters and sounds \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2 Vowels and consonants \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3 Short and long sounds \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4 Diphthongs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5 Syllables \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6 Rhythm, word stress patterns and intonation patterns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Rhythm \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Word stress patterns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Intonation patterns and accentuation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7 Vowel harmony \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8 Major dialectal differences in pronunciation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 3 Word structure \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1 Nominals and their inflectional endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2 Finite verb forms and their endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3 Non-finite verb forms and their endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 4 Two important sound alternations \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1 Consonant gradation of p, t, k \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1.1 The types of consonant gradation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1.2 The rules of consonant gradation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Applying the basic rule to nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Applying the rules to verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Additional comments \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1.6 The most common words with consonant gradation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2 Vowel changes before i endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 5 The declension of nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1 Nominals inflected on the basic form \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.1 \u003ci\u003eTunti \u003c\/i\u003enominals with short final\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e-i \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.2 \u003ci\u003eTalo\u003c\/i\u003e nominals with short final -u, -o, -y, -ö \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.3 \u003ci\u003eKala\u003c\/i\u003e nominals with short final -a \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.4 \u003ci\u003eIsä\u003c\/i\u003e nominals with short final -ä \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Nominals with final diphthong or long vowel \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2 Nominals with short final -i or \u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003ee and separate inflectional stem \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.1 \u003ci\u003eKivi\u003c\/i\u003e nominals, inflectional stem in -e, partitive -A \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.2 \u003ci\u003eKieli\u003c\/i\u003e nominals, inflectional stem in -e, partitive -tA \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.3 \u003ci\u003eVesi\u003c\/i\u003e nominals, inflectional stem in -te,\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003epartitive\u003ci\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e-tA \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.4 \u003ci\u003ePerhe\u003c\/i\u003e nominals with short final \u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003ee \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3 Nominals with a final consonant and separate inflectional stem \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.1 \u003ci\u003eIhminen\u003c\/i\u003e nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.2 \u003ci\u003eAjat\u003c\/i\u003e\u0026gt;\u003ci\u003eus\u003c\/i\u003e nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.3 \u003ci\u003eTaivas\u003c\/i\u003e nominal \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.4 \u003ci\u003eHyv\u003c\/i\u003e\u0026gt;\u003ci\u003eyys\u003c\/i\u003e nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.5 \u003ci\u003eAva\u003c\/i\u003e\u0026gt;\u003ci\u003ein\u003c\/i\u003e nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.6 \u003ci\u003eTyö\u003c\/i\u003e\u0026gt;\u003ci\u003etön\u003c\/i\u003e nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.7 \u003ci\u003eAskel\u003c\/i\u003e nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.8 \u003ci\u003eLyhyt\u003c\/i\u003e nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.9 Adaptation of new borrowed nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4 Singular and plural \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 6 The conjugation of verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1 Infinitive endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2 Inflectional stems \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.1 \u003ci\u003eAnta-a\u003c\/i\u003e verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.2 \u003ci\u003eSaa-da\u003c\/i\u003e verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.3 \u003ci\u003eTul-la\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003enous-ta\u003c\/i\u003e verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.4 \u003ci\u003eHuomat-a\u003c\/i\u003e verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.5 \u003ci\u003eTarvit-a\u003c\/i\u003e verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.6 \u003ci\u003eLämm\u003c\/i\u003e\u0026gt;\u003ci\u003eet-ä\u003c\/i\u003e verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3 Personal endings and agreement of person \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 7 Interplay between Finnish morphology and syntax \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1 Parts of speech \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2 Phrases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3 Syntactic functions of phrases in clauses \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4 Cases and adpositional phrases are markers of syntactic functions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5 Syntactic functions, phrases and clauses elaborated \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 8 Phrases\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1 Phrase types \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2 The noun phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Structure \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Agreement within the noun phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Functions of the noun phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Complexity of the noun phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3 The adjective phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.4 The numeral phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5 Adpositional phrases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6 The adverb phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7 The infinitive phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.8 The participle phrase \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 9 Simple clauses \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1 Clause types \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2 Clauses with basic order subject + verb \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3 Clauses with basic order verb + subject \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4 Free adverbials, questions, negation, word order variations \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5 Clauses without subject \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6 Negative clauses \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7 Questions and answers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Questions with -kO (‘yes-no’ questions) \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Question-word questions (‘wh-’ questions) \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.8 Minimal examples of simple clause types \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 10 Complex sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.1 Types of complex sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2 Complex sentences with subordinate clauses \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3 Complex sentences with infinitive and participle phrases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.4 Nominalization \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5 Repeated embedding of subordinate clauses, non-finite phrases and nominalizations \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6 Structure of the predicate \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 11 The nominative case \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1 Nominative singular and plural \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2 Use of the nominative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.1 The nominative marking subjects, objects and predicate complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Special uses of the nominative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 12 The partitive case \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1 Formation of the partitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Partitive singular \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Partitive plural \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2 Use of the partitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Partitive subject \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Partitive object \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Partitive predicate complement \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.4 The partitive in expressions of quantity \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.5 The partitive with adpositions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.6 Special uses of the partitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 13 The genitive case and total objects \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1 Formation of the genitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Genitive singular \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Genitive plural \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2 Use of the genitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3 The total object \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Total object and partitive object \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Total object endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4 Quantity adverbials taking object cases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 14 Possessive endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1 Possessive endings in nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2 Possessive endings in other parts of speech \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3 Ways of expressing ownership (possession) \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 15 The six local cases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.1 Inessive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2 Elative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3 Illative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.4 Adessive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5 Ablative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.6 Allative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.7 Directional verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8 Place names \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 16 Other cases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1 Essive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2 Translative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3 Abessive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4 Comitative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5 Instructive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 17 Numbers and numerals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1 Cardinal numbers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Inflection of cardinal numbers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Use of cardinal numbers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2 Ordinal numbers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3 Fractions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 18 Pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1 Personal pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2 Demonstrative pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3 Interrogative pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4 Indefinite pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5 Relative pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 19 Tenses \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1 Present tense \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.2 Past tense \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.3 Perfect tense \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.4 Pluperfect tense \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.5 Negative forms \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6 Expressing future time \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 20 Moods and modality \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1 Indicative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.2 Conditional \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3 Imperative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4 Potential \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.5 Other means for expressing modality \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 21 Passive constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1 General \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2 Passive present \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.3 Passive past \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4 Passive perfect and pluperfect \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5 Passive moods \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 22 Infinitive-based constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1 General \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2 A infinitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Basic form of the A infinitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.2 A infinitive translative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3 E infinitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3.1 E infinitive inessive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3.2 E infinitive instructive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4 MA infinitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Formation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.2 MA infinitive inessive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.3 MA infinitive elative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.4 MA infinitive illative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.5 MA infinitive adessive, abessive and instructive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.5 MINEN infinitive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 23 Participle-based constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1 General \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2 VA participle active \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3 VA participle passive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.4 The NUT\/TTU participles \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.5 The participial construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.6 The temporal construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.7 The agent construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.8 Verb unions with participles or infinitives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 24 Comparison of adjectives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1 Comparative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2 Superlative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 25 Other word classes and clitics \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1 Adverbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2 Prepositions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3 Postpositions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4 Conjunctions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5 Discourse particles \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.6 Clitics \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 26 Word formation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.1 General \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2 Derivation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.1 Deriving nominals from nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.2 Deriving nominals from verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.3 Deriving verbs from verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.4 Deriving verbs from nominals \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.5 Rare derivational endings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.6 Multiple derivation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3 Compounding \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 27 The colloquial spoken language \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.1 General \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2 Omission and assimilation of sounds \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3 Differences of form \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix 1 Detecting word structure \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix 2 Definitions of key concepts \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix 3 Material for studying Finnish as a foreign language \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Taylor \u0026 Francis Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default 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