{"product_id":"facial-aesthetics-9781405181921","title":"Facial Aesthetics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFacial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis\u003c\/i\u003e is a unique new illustrated resource for facial aesthetic surgery and dentistry, providing the comprehensive clinical textbook on the art and science of facial aesthetics for clinicians involved in the management of facial deformities, including orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgeons and aesthetic dentists. It aims to provide readers with a comprehensive examination of facial aesthetics in the context of dentofacial and craniofacial diagnosis and treatment planning. This aim is achieved through coupling meticulous research and practical clinical advice with beautifully drawn supporting illustrations and diagrams.  \u003cp\u003eStructured over 24 logically arranged and easy-to-follow chapters, Part I of \u003ci\u003eFacial Aesthetics\u003c\/i\u003e covers the historical evidence for facial aesthetic canons and concepts in depth. It incorporates all aspects relevant to the work of the clinician, including the philoso\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"[An] opus…inimitable in its field…an outstanding composition…an in-depth, thoroughly comprehensive arrangement of information to inform, guide, and teach us in the analysis and diagnosis of facial deformity…incredibly interesting and painstakingly researched pages…highly illustrated on every page…This is a book that will be of interest to anyone who has an interest in facial aesthetics. From a clinical point of view, this book will interest anyone who looks after patients with dentofacial deformity from maxillofacial and plastic surgeons, orthodontists, to general dentists and any other dental and medical specialists who desire an understanding of the importance of facial aesthetics in the treatment of ‘real people’ rather than ‘patients with a disease entity’.”  (\u003ci\u003eEuropean Journal of Orthodontics\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 May 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“I think this a remarkable effort from a single author: it is clearly a labor of love . . . Most residents in plastic surgery, facial plastic surgery, or maxillofacial surgery should be exposed to this material in their training, and this is a good place to get that exposure in one place.”  (\u003ci\u003ePlastic and Reconstructive Surgery\u003c\/i\u003e,1 November  2012)                   \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Thoughtfully integrates historical, clinical, and surgical perspectives in the medical fields ranging from maxillofacial to plastic and reconstructive surgery. The author elegantly provides the science and art of facial aesthetics with emphasis given to analysis of the craniofacial complex, facial aesthetic units, and clinical evaluation, in addition to smile and dental-occlusal relationships…has undertaken a detailed approach in presenting dental aesthetics, which makes this publication rather unique…allows a broad appeal to both dental and medical specialists.”  (\u003ci\u003eArchives of Facial Plastic Surgery, 1 September\u003c\/i\u003e 2012)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“The best analysis I have ever seen of the comprehensive factors involved in establishing exactly what makes a person facially attractive, unattractive, or simply average. The book’s 24 logically arranged, easy-to-follow chapters—beautifully illustrated in full colour—systematically and thoroughly explore all the dentofacial and craniofacial details that determine how we look.  I believe Facial Aesthetics will find an enthusiastic reception among orthodontists who would like to refine their understanding and appreciation of the human face and to apply the author’s practical protocols to their clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.”  (\u003ci\u003eJournal of Clinical Orthodontics,\u003c\/i\u003e 2012)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“This is an excellent reference text for those interested in facial aesthetics and surgery.  Section II looks at facial type, propor­tions and symmetry, providing an out­standing and essential reference…Section III is astounding and presents each facial region using annotated illus­trations and methodically explains each facial subunit. The research at the core of this text is comprehensive and it is complemented by the generous use of illustrations. I highly recommend this book to anyone with an interest in facial aesthetics.”  (\u003ci\u003eBritish Dental Journal,\u003c\/i\u003e 24 September 2011)\u003c\/p\u003e \"In summary, this book is written in a clear and accessible format, with colour illustration throughout, an important guide for all the practitioners in the field of facial aesthetic surgery and aesthetic dentistry with an interest in refining their understanding and appreciation of the human face and applying practical protocols to their clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.\" (Journal of Oral Health and Dental Management, 1 December 2011)  \u003cp\u003e\"The text comprehensively examines facial aesthetics in the context of dentofacial and craniofacial diagnosis and treatment planning.\" (Booknews, 1 June 2011)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDedication xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Concepts\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 Facial Beauty 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of beauty and aesthetics 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs beauty ‘in the eye of the beholder’? 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe enigma of facial beauty: Why is one face seen as beautiful and another as unattractive? What guides and validates our judgement? 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e‘Ideal’ proportions 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetry 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverageness 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial neoteny 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual dimorphism (secondary sexual characteristics) 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeredity 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural influences on the perception of facial beauty 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial beauty: historical and philosophical perspectives 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial beauty: scientific perspectives 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance of facial beauty 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf- image and negative self-perception 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutsiders’ perceptions 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverity of deformity 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Facial Proportions: Classical Canons to Modern Craniofacial Anthropometry 18\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAncient Egypt 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAncient Greece 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Archaic Period 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Classical Period 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Roman conquest of Greece 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAncient Rome 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Renaissance 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeon Battista Alberti 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeonardo da Vinci 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlbrecht Dürer 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Enlightenment and neoclassicism 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeoclassical canons of proportion 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCraniometry 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwentieth century 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern craniofacial anthropometry 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeslie Farkas – the father of modern craniofacial anthropometry 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe golden proportion 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ongoing problem with research into the golden proportion 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Facial Expression: Influence and Significance 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance of facial expressions 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of research into facial expressions 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work of Duchenne 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work of Darwin 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work of Ekman 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe debate: Are facial expressions of emotion universal or culture-specific? 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Psychological Ramifications of Facial Deformities 54\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth and psychosocial well-being 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-image 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of the response of others on those with facial deformities 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeasing and bullying 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo treat or not to treat? The controversial debate 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody dysmorphic disorder: the delusion of deformity 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody dysmorphic disorder 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Clinical Diagnosis Section 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatient Interview and Clinical Diagnostic Records 65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to Section 1 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of direction, position and movement 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Patient Interview and Consultation 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresenting complaint 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of presenting complaint 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychosocial history 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical history 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanger signals and the ‘problem’ patient 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Clinical Diagnostic Records, Natural Head Position and Craniofacial Anthropometry 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical diagnostic records 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiographs 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical photographs 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy models 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerial height measurement 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional hard and soft tissue imaging 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural head position 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Frankfort Craniometric Agreement and the Frankfort Plane 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe unreliability of anatomical reference planes 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural head position: the key to diagnosis 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoice of horizontal and vertical reference planes 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of the patient in natural head position 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe self-balance position 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mirror position 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aesthetic position (or ‘photographic position’ of the head) 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical photography 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment for digital photography and data storage 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient consent forms 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackground and lighting 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial views 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraoral views 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCraniofacial anthropometry 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropometric craniofacial surface landmarks 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Cephalometry and Cephalometric Analysis 86 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalometric landmarks and planes of reference 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandmarks, lines, planes and volumes 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard tissue lateral cephalometric (skeletal) landmarks 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard tissue lateral cephalometric (dental) landmarks 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoft tissue lateral cephalometric landmarks 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalometric planes of reference 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard tissue lateral cephalometric reference planes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoft tissue lateral cephalometric reference planes 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosteroanterior cephalometric radiography 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard tissue posteroanterior cephalometric landmarks 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard tissue posteroanterior cephalometric reference planes 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalometric analysis and geometric principles 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of dentofacial deformities 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal skeletal relationships 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal positional relationships 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize relationships of maxilla and mandible 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal dentoalveolar relationships 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclination of the maxillary incisors 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal position of the maxillary incisors 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclination of the mandibular incisors 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal position of the mandibular incisors 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclination of maxillary to mandibular incisors 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical skeletal relationships 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvergence of horizontal facial planes (Sassouni analysis) 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior and posterior face height 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear cephalometric measurements and normative values 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngular cephalometric measurements and normative values 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical dentoalveolar relationships 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclination of the occlusal plane 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior maxillary dental height 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior maxillary dental height 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior mandibular dental height 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior mandibular dental height 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse skeletal relationships 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 2 Facial Aesthetic Analysis: Facial Type, Proportions and Symmetry 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to Section 2 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e‘Rules’ versus ‘guidelines’ in facial aesthetic evaluation 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical inspection – the ‘process’ 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical inspection – the ‘education of the eye’ 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diagnostic process – clinical evaluation 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative evaluation 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative evaluation and analysis 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation – the sequence 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Facial Type 127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fictional conception of the ‘normal’ 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion indices 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead type 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalic index 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic differences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic differences in white individuals 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead circumference 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic differences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial type: frontal view (norma frontalis) 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial shape 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial height-to-width ratio\/proportion 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial index 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial type: profile view (norma lateralis) 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial divergence 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal facial profile contour 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngle of facial profile convexity (clinical\/soft tissue) 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngle of facial profile convexity (cephalometric\/skeletal) 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial angle (clinical\/soft tissue) 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial angle (cephalometric\/skeletal) 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCranial base angle 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior cranial base length 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasagittal facial profile contour 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical facial profile form 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical facial growth pattern and hyperdivergent facial type 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal facial growth pattern and hypodivergent facial type 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular plane angle (clinical) 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular plane angle (cephalometric) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGonial angle (Ar-Go-Me) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvergence of horizontal facial planes (Sassouni analysis) 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial height to horizontal facial depth ratio (cephalometric) 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial growth axes (cephalometric) 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial curves and curvilinear relationships 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurvilinear relationships – frontal and profile views 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngularity of facial contour lines 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial profile curves and ‘S-shaped’ curvilinear considerations 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContour defects 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual variation: the main differences between male and female faces 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e‘Ethnic’ variation: considerations in facial aesthetic evaluation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical background 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsiderations in facial aesthetic evaluation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial ageing 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDentoalveolus 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognizing the visible effects of ageing 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Facial Proportions 150\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCraniofacial height to standing height proportion 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassical, Renaissance and neoclassical proportional canons 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropometric data 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttractiveness research 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical implications 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical facial proportions 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical craniofacial bisection 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical facial trisection (Vitruvian trisection) 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical craniofacial tetrasection 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtist’s facial ‘grid’ 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity of proportional canons 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalometric evaluation – anterior face height ratio 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower anterior facial proportions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropometric vertical facial measurements 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of proportional canons with modern measured proportional ratios 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttractiveness studies 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical implications 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse facial proportions 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe central fifth of the face 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe medial fifths of the face 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lateral fifths of the face 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOblique lateral (three-quarter) view 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse occlusal plane view 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic clinical evaluation 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular lateral displacement 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymmetrical facial animation 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental midlines 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillary dental midline 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular dental midline 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistinguishing between mandibular and isolated chin asymmetry 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiographic-cephalometric evaluation 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosteroanterior cephalometric radiograph 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral cephalometric radiograph 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanoramic rotational tomography (OPT – orthopantomograph) 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional imaging evaluation 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental study casts 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional facial soft tissue scans 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputed tomography 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic resonance imaging 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCraniofacial growth and treatment timing 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment timing 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperimposition of serial cephalometric images and other imaging modalities 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth prediction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear medicine (scintigraphy) 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 3 Facial Aesthetic Analysis: Regional Analysis 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to Section 3 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modified subunit principle 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelativity and the five facial prominences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe five facial profile prominences 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUpper Facial Analysis 192\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Facial Symmetry and Asymmetry 165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between symmetry and proportion 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalance and harmony: a note on terminology 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAetiology and classification of facial asymmetry 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAetiology 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurpose of the clinical evaluation 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontal facial examination 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperior view 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmental view 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral view 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 The Forehead 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction and terminology 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontal view 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfile view 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperior view 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurvilinear relationships 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 The Orbital Region 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe eyes 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEyebrows 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEyebrow position and contour 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of palpebral fissure 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEyelids (palpebrae) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEye width and interocular dimensions 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportional relationships of the orbital region 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship of bony orbit and globe 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymmetry 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMidfacial Analysis 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 The Ears 208\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEar position 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEar size and proportions 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEar axis 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEar protrusion (lateral projection) 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEar symmetry 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 The Nose 214\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoft tissue features of the external nose 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin of the external nose 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBony skeleton of the external nose 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCartilaginous skeleton of the external nose 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNasal type, topography and the subunit principle 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of nasal type 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopographic nasal landmarks and nomenclature 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNasal aesthetic subunits 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontal evaluation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfile evaluation 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasal evaluation 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative nasal relationships – evaluation 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormative values for nasal dimensions 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNasal function 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 The Malar Region 238\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalar position 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight of malar contour 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalar projection and sagittal contour 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea of maximal malar projection 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples in planning the correction of malar deficiency 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16 The Maxilla and Midface 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of jaw position in the sagittal plane 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of maxillary position in the vertical plane 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of jaw size 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of maxillary bodily movement in the three planes of space 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of maxillary rotation around the three axes of rotation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal midfacial-maxillary evaluation 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical maxillary evaluation 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse maxillary evaluation 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillary deficiency 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal maxillary deficiency 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical maxillary deficiency 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse maxillary deficiency 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples in planning the correction of maxillary deficiency 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillary excess 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal maxillary excess 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical maxillary excess 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse maxillary excess 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples in planning the correction of maxillary excess 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillary asymmetry 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLower Facial Analysis 268\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17 The Lips 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbryology 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgeing 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip lines 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip activity (function) 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip morphology (form) 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip posture 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip prominence 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 18 Mentolabial (Labiomental) Fold 288\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentolabial fold (sulcus) depth 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentolabial angle 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical position of the mentolabial fold 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentolabial fold morphology 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvantages of mandibular advancement surgery over isolated genioplasty 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of mentolabial fold morphology on management of chin deformities 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of vector of bony chin movement on mentolabial fold morphology 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of lower anterior face height on mentolabial fold morphology 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 19 The Mandible 295\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy, morphology and size 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal anatomy and subunits 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize and position 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal and vertical relationships 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular deficiency 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue sagittal mandibular deficiency 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative mandibular deficiency 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic features 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular excess 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue mandibular excess 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative mandibular excess 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic features 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse relationships 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportional relationships 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBicondylar width and bigonial width 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular asymmetries 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemimandibular hyperplasia 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemimandibular elongation 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHybrid (mixed) forms of hemimandibular hyperplasia and elongation 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnilateral condylar hyperplasia 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 20 The Chin 312\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChin excess and chin deficiency 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of chin deformities 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal evaluation and chin projection 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal position of soft tissue chin 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSagittal position of hard tissue (skeletal) pogonion 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect morphological influences on sagittal chin projection 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoft tissue chin pad 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentolabial fold and chin pad morphology 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic chin pad evaluation 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentalis muscle – anatomy, activity and significance 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical chin height 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportional relationships 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular anterior dental height 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransverse chin width 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 21 Submental-Cervical Region 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAetiology 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAetiology of poor submental-cervical contour 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkeletal pattern (jaw relationship) 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology of the submental soft tissues 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmental-facial angle 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmental length 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmental-neck (submental-cervical) angle 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmental-sternomastoid (SM-SM) angle 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmental soft tissue thickness 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHyoid bone position and submental-cervical aesthetics 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative submental projection and aesthetics 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 4 Smile and Dentogingival Aesthetic Analysis 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to Section 4 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 22 Dental-Occlusal Relationships: Terminology, Description and Classification 353\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of description of tooth form 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of direction in dental nomenclature 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of tooth position in the three planes of space 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of bodily tooth movement in the three planes of space 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerms of tooth rotation around the three axes of rotation 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental occlusion 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of ‘ideal’ occlusion 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurves of the occlusion 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAims of treatment and the ‘six keys’ to ‘ideal’ occlusion 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of dental-occlusal relationships 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncisor relationships 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal segment relationships (canine and molar relationships) 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe term ‘Class’ and classification 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aetiology of malocclusion 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkeletal factors 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoft tissue factors 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal factors 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabits 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral health 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental condition 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral hygiene and gingival\/periodontal condition 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral mucosa 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcclusal function 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic occlusal function 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporomandibular joint function 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 23 Smile Aesthetics\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003ewith \u003ci\u003eDaljit S. Gill\u003c\/i\u003e 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance of the smile in facial aesthetics 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of smile 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe generation of a smile 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip aesthetics 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip lines 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper lip–maxillary incisor relationship 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncisor exposure and phonetic analysis 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncisor exposure and anterior occlusal guidance 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmile symmetry 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic upper lip curvature 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of the transverse occlusal plane 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of the sagittal occlusal plane 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmile curvature (smile arc) 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental midlines 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal corridors (negative space) 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmile aesthetics in profile view 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 24 Dentogingival Aesthetics\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003ewith\u003ci\u003e Daljit S. Gill 387\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of ‘biological width’ 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical evaluation 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth shape 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheories of ‘ideal’ tooth shape 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth size 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidth-to-height ratio of maxillary central incisor crown 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeventh key and dental occlusion 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth size analysis 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth proportions 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth symmetry 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe unilaterally peg-shaped or congenitally absent maxillary lateral incisor 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArch form 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillary incisor axial angulations 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGradation (front-to-back progression) 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGingival aesthetics 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGingival colour, texture and biotype 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGingival level 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGingival contour 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContacts, connectors and embrasures 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth colour 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of tooth colour 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArch shade progression 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth shade value contrast with skin colour 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge changes 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical shade selection 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 405\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407912968535,"sku":"9781405181921","price":98.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/facial-aesthetics-9781405181921","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}