{"product_id":"ethics-and-technology-9781119239758","title":"Ethics and Technology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePREFACE xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew to the Fifth Edition xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAudience and Scope xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization and Structure of the Book xx\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Web Site for Ethics and Technology xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Note to Students xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote to Instructors: A Roadmap for Using This Book xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Note to Computer Science Instructors xxiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFOREWORD xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction to Cyberethics: Concepts, Perspectives, and Methodological Frameworks 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 1–1: Hacking into the Mobile Phones of Celebrities 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Defining Key Terms: Cyberethics and Cybertechnology 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 What Is Cybertechnology? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Why the Term Cyberethics? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Cyberethics Evolution: Four Developmental Phases in Cybertechnology 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Are Cyberethics Issues Unique Ethical Issues? 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 1–2: Developing the Code for a Computerized Weapon System 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 1–3: Digital Piracy 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Distinguishing between Unique Technological Features and Unique Ethical Issues 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 An Alternative Strategy for Analyzing the Debate about the Uniqueness of Cyberethics Issues 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 A Policy Vacuum in Duplicating Computer Software 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Cyberethics as a Branch of Applied Ethics: Three Distinct Perspectives 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Perspective #1: Cyberethics as a Field of Professional Ethics 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Perspective #2: Cyberethics as a Field of Philosophical Ethics 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Perspective #3: Cyberethics as a Field of Sociological\/Descriptive Ethics 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 1–4: The Impact of Technology X on the Pleasantville Community 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 A Comprehensive Cyberethics Methodology 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 A “Disclosive” Method for Cyberethics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 An Interdisciplinary and Multilevel Method for Analyzing Cyberethics Issues 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 A Comprehensive Strategy for Approaching Cyberethics Issues 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Chapter Summary 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline Resources 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 2\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical Concepts And Ethical Theories: Frameworks For Analyzing Moral Issues 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 2–1: The Case of the “Runaway Trolley”: A Classic Moral Dilemma 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Ethics and Morality 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 What Is Morality? 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 The Study of Morality: Three Distinct Approaches for Evaluating and Justifying the Rules Comprising a Moral System 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Discussion Stoppers as Roadblocks to Moral Discourse 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Discussion Stopper #1: People Disagree on Solutions to Moral Issues 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Discussion Stopper #2: Who Am I to Judge Others? 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Discussion Stopper #3: Morality Is Simply a Private Matter 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Discussion Stopper #4: Morality Is Simply a Matter for Individual Cultures to Decide 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 2–2: The Price of Defending Moral Relativism 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Why Do We Need Ethical Theories? 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Consequence‐Based Ethical Theories 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Act Utilitarianism 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 2–3: A Controversial Policy in Newmerica 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Rule Utilitarianism 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Duty‐Based Ethical Theories 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Rule Deontology 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 2–4: Making an Exception for Oneself 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Act Deontology 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 2–5: A Dilemma Involving Conflicting Duties 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Contract‐Based Ethical Theories 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Some Criticisms of Contract‐Based Theories 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Rights‐Based Contract Theories 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Character‐Based Ethical Theories 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Being a Moral Person vs. Following Moral Rules 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Acquiring the “Correct” Habits 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Integrating Aspects of Classical Ethical Theories into a Single Comprehensive Theory 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Moor’s Just‐Consequentialist Theory and Its Application to Cybertechnology 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Key Elements in Moor’s Just‐Consequentialist Framework 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Chapter Summary 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCritical Reasoning Skills for Evaluating Disputes in Cyberethics 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCENARIO 3–1: Reasoning About Whether to Download Software from “Sharester” 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 What Is Critical Reasoning? 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Some Basic Concepts: (Logical) Arguments and Claims 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 The Role of Arguments 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 The Basic Structure of an Argument 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Constructing an Argument 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Valid Arguments 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Sound Arguments 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Invalid Arguments 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Inductive Arguments 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Fallacious Arguments 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 A Seven‐Step Strategy for Evaluating Arguments 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Identifying Some Common Fallacies 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Ad Hominem Argument 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Slippery Slope Argument 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.3 Fallacy of Appeal to Authority 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.4 False Cause Fallacy 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.5 Fallacy of Composition\/Fallacy of Division 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.6 Fallacy of Ambiguity\/Equivocation 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.7 The False Dichotomy\/Either–Or Fallacy\/All‐or‐Nothing Fallacy 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.8 The Virtuality Fallacy 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Chapter Summary 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 4\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfessional Ethics, Codes of Conduct, and Moral Responsibility 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 4–1: Fatalities Involving the Oerlikon GDF‐005 Robotic Cannon 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 What Is Professional Ethics? 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 What Is a Profession? 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Who Is a Professional? 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Who Is a Computer\/IT Professional? 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Do Computer\/IT Professionals Have Any Special Moral Responsibilities? 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Professional Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 The Purpose of Professional Codes 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Some Criticisms of Professional Codes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Defending Professional Codes 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 The IEEE‐CS\/ACM Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conflicts of Professional Responsibility: Employee Loyalty and Whistle‐Blowing 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Do Employees Have an Obligation of Loyalty to Employers? 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Whistle‐Blowing 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 4–2: NSA Surveillance and the Case of Edward Snowden 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Moral Responsibility, Legal Liability, and Accountability 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Distinguishing Responsibility from Liability and Accountability 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Accountability and the Problem of “Many Hands” 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 4–3: The Case of the Therac‐25 Machine 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Legal Liability and Moral Accountability 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Do Some Computer Corporations Have Special Moral Obligations? 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Chapter Summary 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrivacy and Cyberspace 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–1: A New NSA Data Center 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Privacy in the Digital Age: Who Is Affected and Why Should We Worry? 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Whose Privacy Is Threatened by Cybertechnology? 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Are Any Privacy Concerns Generated by Cybertechnology Unique or Special? 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 What Is Personal Privacy? 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Accessibility Privacy: Freedom from Unwarranted Intrusion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Decisional Privacy: Freedom from Interference in One’s Personal Affairs 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Informational Privacy: Control over the Flow of Personal Information 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 A Comprehensive Account of Privacy 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–2: Descriptive Privacy 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–3: Normative Privacy 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Privacy as “Contextual Integrity” 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–4: Preserving Contextual Integrity in a University Seminar 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Why Is Privacy Important? 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Is Privacy an Intrinsic Value? 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Privacy as a Social Value 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Gathering Personal Data: Surveillance, Recording, and Tracking Techniques 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 “Dataveillance” Techniques 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Internet Cookies 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 RFID Technology 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Cybertechnology and Government Surveillance 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Analyzing Personal Data: Big Data, Data Mining, and Web Mining 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Big Data: What, Exactly, Is It, and Why Does It Threaten Privacy? 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Data Mining and Personal Privacy 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–5: Data Mining at the XYZ Credit Union 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Web Mining: Analyzing Personal Data Acquired from Our Interactions Online 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Protecting Personal Privacy in Public Space 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 PPI vs. NPI 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–6: Shopping at SuperMart 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–7: Shopping at Nile.com 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Search Engines and the Disclosure of Personal Information 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Privacy Legislation and Industry Self‐Regulation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Industry Self‐Regulation and Privacy‐Enhancing Tools 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Privacy Laws and Data Protection Principles 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 A Right to “Be Forgotten” (or to “Erasure”) in the Digital Age 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 5–8: An Arrest for an Underage Drinking Incident 20 Years Ago 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Arguments Opposing RTBF 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Arguments Defending RTBF 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Establishing “Appropriate” Criteria 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Chapter Summary 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 6\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSecurity in Cyberspace 151\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 6–1: The “Olympic Games” Operation and the Stuxnet Worm 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Security in the Context of Cybertechnology 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Cybersecurity as Related to Cybercrime 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Security and Privacy: Some Similarities and Some Differences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Three Categories of Cybersecurity 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Data Security: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability of Information 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 System Security: Viruses, Worms, and Malware 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Network Security: Protecting our Infrastructure 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 6–2: The “GhostNet” Controversy 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Cloud Computing and Security 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Deployment and Service\/Delivery Models for the Cloud 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Securing User Data Residing in the Cloud 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Assessing Risk in the Cloud and in the Context of Cybersecurity 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Hacking and “The Hacker Ethic” 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 What Is “The Hacker Ethic”? 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Are Computer Break‐ins Ever Ethically Justifiable? 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Cyberterrorism 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Cyberterrorism vs. Hacktivism 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 6–3: Anonymous and the “Operation Payback” Attack 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Cybertechnology and Terrorist Organizations 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Information Warfare (IW) 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Information Warfare vs. Conventional Warfare 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Potential Consequences for Nations that Engage in IW 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Chapter Summary 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCybercrime and Cyber‐Related Crimes 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 7–1: Creating a Fake Facebook Account to Catch Criminals 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Cybercrimes and Cybercriminals 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Background Events: A Brief Sketch 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 A Typical Cybercriminal 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Hacking, Cracking, and Counter Hacking 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Hacking vs. Cracking 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Active Defense Hacking: Can Acts of “Hacking Back” or Counter Hacking Ever Be Morally Justified? 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Defining Cybercrime 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Determining the Criteria 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 A Preliminary Definition of Cybercrime 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Framing a Coherent and Comprehensive Definition of Cybercrime 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Three Categories of Cybercrime: Piracy, Trespass, and Vandalism in Cyberspace 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Cyber‐Related Crimes 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Some Examples of Cyber‐Exacerbated vs. Cyber‐Assisted Crimes 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Identity Theft 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Technologies and Tools for Combating Cybercrime 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Biometric Technologies 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Keystroke‐Monitoring Software and Packet‐Sniffing Programs 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Programs and Techniques Designed to Combat Cybercrime in the United States 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Entrapment and “Sting” Operations to Catch Internet Pedophiles 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 7–2: Entrapment on the Internet 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Enhanced Government Surveillance Techniques and the Patriot Act 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 National and International Laws to Combat Cybercrime 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 The Problem of Jurisdiction in Cyberspace 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 7–3: A Virtual Casino 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 7–4: Prosecuting a Computer Corporation in Multiple Countries 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Some International Laws and Conventions Affecting Cybercrime 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 7–5: The Pirate Bay Web Site 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Cybercrime and the Free Press: The Wikileaks Controversy 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.1 Are WikiLeaks’ Practices Ethical? 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.2 Are WikiLeaks’ Practices Criminal? 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.3 WikiLeaks and the Free Press 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Chapter Summary 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 8\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntellectual Property Disputes in Cyberspace 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 8–1: Streaming Music Online 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 What Is Intellectual Property? 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Intellectual Objects 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Why Protect Intellectual Objects? 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Software as Intellectual Property 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Evaluating a Popular Argument Used by the Software Industry to Show Why It Is Morally Wrong to Copy Proprietary Software 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Copyright Law and Digital Media 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 The Evolution of Copyright Law in the United States 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 The Fair‐Use and First‐Sale Provisions of Copyright Law 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Software Piracy as Copyright Infringement 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Napster and the Ongoing Battles over Sharing Digital Music 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Patents, Trademarks, and Trade Secrets 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Patent Protections 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Trademarks 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Trade Secrets 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Jurisdictional Issues Involving Intellectual Property Laws 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Philosophical Foundations for Intellectual Property Rights 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 The Labor Theory of Property 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 8–2: DEF Corporation vs. XYZ Inc. 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 The Utilitarian Theory of Property 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 8–3: Sam’s e‐Book Reader Add‐on Device 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 The Personality Theory of Property 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 8–4: Angela’s B++ Programming Tool 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 The “Free Software” and “Open Source” Movements 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 GNU and the Free Software Foundation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 The “Open Source Software” Movement: OSS vs. FSF 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 The “Common Good” Approach: An Alternative Framework for Analyzing the Intellectual Property Debate 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Information Wants to be Shared vs. Information Wants to be Free 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Preserving the Information Commons 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 The Fate of the Information Commons: Could the Public Domain of Ideas Eventually Disappear? 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.4 The Creative Commons 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Pipa, Sopa, and Rwa Legislation: Current Battlegrounds in the Intellectual Property War 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 The PIPA and SOPA Battles 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 RWA and Public Access to Health‐Related Information 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 8–5: Elsevier Press and “The Cost of Knowledge” Boycott 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.3 Intellectual Property Battles in the Near Future 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Chapter Summary 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 9\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegulating Commerce and Speech in Cyberspace 236\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 9–1: Anonymous and the Ku Klux Klan 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction and Background Issues: Some Key Questions and Critical Distinctions Affecting Internet Regulation 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Is Cyberspace a Medium or a Place? 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Two Categories of Cyberspace Regulation: Regulating Content and Regulating Process 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Four Modes of Regulation: The Lessig Model 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Digital Rights Management (Drm) 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Some Implications of DRM for Public Policy Debates Affecting Copyright Law 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 DRM and the Music Industry 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 9–2: The Sony Rootkit Controversy 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 E‐Mail Spam 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Defining Spam 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Why Is Spam Morally Objectionable? 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Free Speech vs. Censorship and Content Control in Cyberspace 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Protecting Free Speech 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Defining Censorship 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Pornography in Cyberspace 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Interpreting “Community Standards” in Cyberspace 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Internet Pornography Laws and Protecting Children Online 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Virtual Child Pornography 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Sexting and Its Implications for Current Child Pornography Laws 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 9–3: A Sexting Incident Involving Greensburg Salem High School 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Hate Speech and Speech that Can Cause Physical Harm to Others 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Hate Speech on the Web 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Online “Speech” that Can Cause Physical Harm to Others 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 “Network Neutrality” and the Future of Internet Regulation 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Defining Network Neutrality 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Some Arguments Advanced by Net Neutrality’s Proponents and Opponents 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Future Implications for the Net Neutrality Debate 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Chapter Summary 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 10\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Digital Divide, Democracy, and Work 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 10–1: Digital Devices, Social Media, Democracy, and the “Arab Spring” 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 The Digital Divide 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 The Global Digital Divide 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 The Digital Divide within Nations 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 10–2: Providing In‐Home Internet Service for Public School Students 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Is the Digital Divide an Ethical Issue? 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Cybertechnology and the Disabled 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Cybertechnology and Race 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Internet Usage Patterns 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Racism and the Internet 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Cybertechnology and Gender 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Access to High‐Technology Jobs 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Gender Bias in Software Design and Video Games 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Cybertechnology, Democracy, and Demotratic Ideals 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Has Cybertechnology Enhanced or Threatened Democracy? 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 How has Cybertechnology Affected Political Elections in Democratic Nations? 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 The Transformation and the Quality of Work 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Job Displacement and the Transformed Workplace 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 The Quality of Work Life in the Digital Era 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 10–3: Employee Monitoring and the Case of Ontario vs. Quon 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Chapter Summary 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnline Communities, Virtual Reality, and Artificial Intelligence 292\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 11–1: Ralph’s Online Friends and Artificial Companions 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Online Communities and Social Networking Services 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Online Communities vs. Traditional Communities 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Blogs and Some Controversial Aspects of the Bogosphere 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 11–2: “The Washingtonienne” Blogger 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Some Pros and Cons of SNSs (and Other Online Communities) 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 11–3: A Suicide Resulting from Deception on MySpace 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Virtual Environments and Virtual Reality 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 What Is Virtual Reality (VR)? 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Ethical Aspects of VR Applications 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 What Is AI? A Brief Overview 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 The Turing Test and John Searle’s “Chinese Room” Argument 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Cyborgs and Human–Machine Relationships 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Extending Moral Consideration to AI Entities 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 11–4: Artificial Children 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Determining Which Kinds of Beings\/Entities Deserve Moral Consideration 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Moral Patients vs. Moral Agents 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Chapter Summary 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHAPTER 12\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical Aspects of Emerging and Converging Technologies 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 12–1: When “Things” Communicate with One Another 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Converging Technologies and Technological Convergence 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Ambient Intelligence (AmI) and Ubiquitous Computing 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Pervasive Computing, Ubiquitous Communication, and Intelligent User Interfaces 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Ethical and Social Aspects of AmI 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 12–2: E. M. Forster’s “(Pre)Cautionary Tale” 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenario 12–3: Jeremy Bentham’s “Panopticon\/Inspection House” (Thought Experiment) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Nanotechnology and Nanocomputing 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Nanotechnology: A Brief Overview 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology and Nanocomputing 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Autonomous Machines 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 What Is an AM? 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Some Ethical and Philosophical Questions Pertaining to AMs 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Machine Ethics and Moral Machines 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 What Is Machine Ethics? 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Designing Moral Machines 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 A “Dynamic” Ethical Framework for Guiding Research in New and Emerging Technologies 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Is an ELSI‐Like Model Adequate for New\/Emerging Technologies? 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 A “Dynamic Ethics” Model 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Chapter Summary 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion Questions 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScenarios for Analysis 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGLOSSARY 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDEX 353\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407016894807,"sku":"9781119239758","price":76.9,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119239758.jpg?v=1730497888","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/ethics-and-technology-9781119239758","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}