{"product_id":"equine-science-3e-9781118741184","title":"Equine Science 3e","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The Biochemical Nature of Cells 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Properties ofWater 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteins 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Structure of Amino Acids 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolypeptides 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevels of Protein Structure 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Structure of Proteins (Amino Acid Sequence) 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Structure of Proteins (Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet) 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary Structure of Proteins (3D Shape\/Folding) 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuaternary Structure of Proteins (Aggregations of Polypeptide Chains) 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Proteins 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of Collagen 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModification of Proteins 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenaturation of Proteins 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFructans 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellulose 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycogen 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids\/Fats 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriglycerides 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential Fatty Acids 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhospholipids 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholesterol 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleic Acids 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRibonucleic Acid (RNA) 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMessenger RNA (mRNA) 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer RNA (tRNA) 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRibosomal RNA (rRNA) 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Synthesis 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscription 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranslation 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Genetic Code 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading the Genetic Code 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzymes 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors that Affect the Activity of Enzymes 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epH 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzyme Concentration 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstrate Concentration 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCofactors and Coenzymes 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzyme Inhibitors 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Poisons 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrugs 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Cells, Tissues and Organs 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCells – Building Blocks of Life 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProkaryotic Cells 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEukaryotic Cells 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Function 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytoplasm 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytosol 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement of Substances in and around Cells 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Organelles 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytoskeleton 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell or Plasma Membrane 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Structure 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of Membranes in Cell Organelles 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleus 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolgi Body (Dictyosome) 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitochondria 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysosomes 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeroxisomes (Microbodies) 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrosomes 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Turnover 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis) 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cell Cycle 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitosis 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Events 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytokinesis or Cytoplasmic Division 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeiosis 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Events 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Meiotic Division 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond Meiotic Division 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Signalling 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell Differentiation and Stem Cells 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Cell Production from Stem Cells 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissues and Organs 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpithelium\/Epithelial Tissue 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpithelial Cell Shapes 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpithelial Arrangement of Cells 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue Cells 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue Fibres 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue Repair 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Four Stages ofWound Healing 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 1 – Traumatic Inflammatory Phase 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 2 – Destructive Phase (0–3 Days) 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 3 – Proliferative Phase (3–24 Days) 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 4 – Maturation Phase (24 Days to 2 Years) 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgeing Tissue 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem Cell Therapy 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Equine Support and Movement 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoints of the Horse 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Skeletal System 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Bone Tissue 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDense or Compact Bone 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpongy or Cancellous Bone 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Bones 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroscopic Bone Structure 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone Formation and Growth 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental Orthopaedic Disease 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone Remodelling 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHormones and their Effect on Bone Growth 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Exercise on Bone Tissue 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium Homeostasis 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone Fracture and Repair 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Skeleton 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Axial Skeleton 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Skull 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Vertebral Column or Spine 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Appendicular Skeleton 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForelimb 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindlimb 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStay Apparatus 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mechanics of Movement 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoints 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Joints 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement of Joints 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgeing of Joints 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiacMuscle 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmooth Muscle 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkeletal Muscle (Voluntary or Striated Muscle) 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sliding FilamentModel 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Anatomy 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles of the Neck and Shoulder 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrachiocephalic 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSternocephalic 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplenius 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrapezius 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhomboideus 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeltoideus 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriceps 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles of the Trunk 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatissimus Dorsi 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePectorals 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles of the Forearm 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Extensor 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Flexor 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles of the Abdomen 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercostal Muscles 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongissimus Dorsi 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles of the Hindlimb 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGluteal 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiceps Femoris 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemitendinosus 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Extensor 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrocnemius 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Importance of Muscle Fibres in Equine Performance 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Fibre Types 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Fibre Recruitment 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatigue 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of Fatigue 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactic Acid Accumulation 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 TheLowerLimb 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTendons and Ligaments of the Lower Limb 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTendons 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTendon Repair 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensor Tendons 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexor Tendons 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLigaments and Suspensory Apparatus 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck Ligament 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspensory Ligament 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Supply to the Lower Leg 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hoof 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hoof as a Plastic Structure 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Movement on Hoof Structure 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of the Hoof 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShock Absorption 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrip 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCirculation 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe External Hoof 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWall 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSole 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrog 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHoof Horn 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Structures 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital or Plantar Cushion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral (Ungual) Cartilages 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePedal and Navicular Bones 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Balanced Foot 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of Foot Balance 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatic Foot Balance 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic Foot Balance 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptations of Hoof Tissue 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Digestive System 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForegut 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMouth 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOesophagus 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStomach 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastric Juice 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall Intestine 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreas 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndocrine Functions of the Pancreas 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExocrine Functions of the Pancreas 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of the Liver 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindgut 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge Intestine 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaecum 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge Colon 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall Colon 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectum 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion in the Large Intestine 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquine Microbiota 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gut and the Immune System 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Respiratory System 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Head and Neck 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Chest 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Supply 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePleurae 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiaphragm 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiology of Respiration 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Ventilation 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure Changes during Breathing 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAirway Resistance 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung Air Volumes and Capacities 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead Space 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Breathing 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory–Locomotor Coupling 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Respiration or Pulmonary Gas Exchange 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Respiration or Systemic Gas Exchange 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Around the Body 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen Transport 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Dioxide Transport 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Oxygen Dissociation Curve 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bohr Effect 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular Respiration 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAerobic Cellular Respiration 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAerobic Respiration of Glucose 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycolysis 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLink Reaction 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrebs Cycle 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectron Transport Chain 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAerobic Respiration of Other Fuels 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycogen 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipidMetabolism 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Metabolism 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaerobic Respiration 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Circulatory System 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoetal Circulation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Heart 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac Output 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy of the Heart 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cardiac Cycle 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of the Heart Beat 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Heart and Fittening\/Training Horses 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Heart and VO2 Max 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart Murmurs 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart or Cardiac Arrhythmia 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond-Degree AV Block 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtrial Fibrillation (AF) 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSudden Cardiac Death 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Vessels 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArteries 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeins 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapillaries 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart Evaluation and Examination 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrocardiogram 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise Testing of Horses 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite Blood Cells (Leucocytes) 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGranulocytes 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgranulocytes 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelets (Thrombocytes) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaemostasis or Blood Clotting 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Tests 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Typing 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Lymphatic or Lymph System 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Spleen 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Nervous System 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerves and Neurons 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroglia or Glial Cells 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganisation of the Nervous System 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCNS 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePNS 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAction Potential 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResting Membrane Potential 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynapses 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission at the Synapse 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurotransmitters 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndorphins and Enkephalins 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuromuscular Junctions 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Brain 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForebrain 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothalamus 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThalamus 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCerebrum 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidbrain 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindbrain 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinal Cord 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflex Actions or Arcs 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Endocrine System 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothalamus 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior Pituitary – Adenophysis 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePars Intermedia 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior Pituitary (Neurophysis) 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid Gland 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThyroid Hormones 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParathyroid Glands 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdrenal Glands 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdrenal Cortex 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineralocorticoids 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucocorticoids 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdrenal Medulla 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreas 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretion of Glucagon and Insulin 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThymus 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvaries 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquine Chorionic Gonadotropin 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestes 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePineal Gland 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Neuroendocrine System 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCircadian Rhythms in Horses 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep Patterns in Horses 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The Skin 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Skin 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidermis 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratum Basale 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratum Spinosum 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratum Granulosum 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratum Lucidum 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratum Corneum 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermis 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensation 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelanin 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSebaceous Glands 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair Follicles 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Coat 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermoregulation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Conservation 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Loss 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweating 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreaking Out 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry Coat or Anhydrosis 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin and Coat Colour 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The Senses 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomatic Receptors 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Sensations 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePain Sensations 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTactile Sensations 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eItch Sensation 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProprioceptor Sensation 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Senses 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSight 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual Streak of the Eye 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColour Vision 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNight Vision 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy of the Eye 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChambers of the Eye 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoreceptors 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission of Nerve Impulses to the Brain 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccommodation (Focusing) 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptation of the Horse’s Eyes to Light 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEyelids 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConjunctiva 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLacrimal Apparatus 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHearing and Balance 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy of the Ear 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaste and Smell 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Olfactory System 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJacobson’s Organ 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Reproduction 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive Anatomy of the Mare 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulva 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagina 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervix 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUterus 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtero-tubular Junction 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFallopian Tubes 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvaries 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Oestrus Cycle 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollicular Development or Oogenesis 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvarian Changes during the Oestrus Cycle 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioural Signs of Oestrus in the Mare 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Mare Behaviour through the Cycle 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndocrine Changes during the Oestrus Cycle 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial Control of the Oestrus Cycle 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHormonal Methods 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostponing Ovulation 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive Anatomy of the Stallion 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScrotum 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestes (Testicles) 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpididymis 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVas Deferens 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessory Sex Glands 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVesicular Gland (Seminal Vesicles) 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstate Gland 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulbo-Urethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland) 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenis 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpermatogenesis 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcrosome Reaction 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndocrine Pathways in the Male 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertilisation 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnancy Diagnosis 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoetal Sexing 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwins 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndocrine Maintenance of Gestation 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquine Chorionic Gonadotropin 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgesterone 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOestrogens 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxin 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestation 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplantation and Placentation 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbryology 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhases of Equine Embryo Development and Migration 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase 1 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase 2 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase 3 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase 4 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase 5 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase 6 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimeline of Embryonic Development 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Foetal Endocrine System 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation for Parturition (Birth) 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Three Stages of Parturition 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 1 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 2 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 3 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInduction 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactation 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactogenesis 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactation Curve 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplied Reproductive Technologies 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArtificial Insemination 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvantages 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisadvantages 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection of Semen 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemen Preservation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbryo Transfer 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvantages 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisadvantages 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDonor and Recipient Mares 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Synchronisation Process 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection of the Embryo 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer of the Embryo 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamete Intrafallopian Transfer 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOocyte Transfer 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Genetics 305\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Genetic Code or Genome 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromosomes 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Expression 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitochondrial DNA 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Y Chromosome 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlleles 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDominance 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Cells 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHybrids 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeredity 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Determination 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype and Phenotype 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygenic or Multiple Gene Traits 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple Alleles 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Linkage 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLethal Genes 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLethal White Foal Syndrome (LWFS) 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoal Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FIS) 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCongenital Curly Coat Syndrome 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpigenetics 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Disorders 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear Transfer (Cloning) 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Similarity of Clones 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMutation 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Mutation 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromosome Mutation 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Disjunction 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyploidy 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Myostatin Gene and Performance 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoat Colour and Genetics 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBay\/Black 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite (Albino) (WWorWw) 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey (GG or Gg) 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoan 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpotting Patterns 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSabino (SB1) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobiano (TO or to) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvero (O) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppaloosa (LP) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream (C or Ccr) 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilver (Z) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChampagne 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearl 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDun (D or d) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite Markings 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelanomas in Grey Horses 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH) or Epistaxis 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The Urinary System 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidneys 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNephrons 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole of Tubules in Formation of Urine and in Homeostasis 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximal Convoluted Tubule 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoop of Henle 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistal Convoluted Tubule 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation ofWater 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Permeability of the Collecting Ducts by ADH 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldosterone 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid–Base Balance 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracellular and Intracellular Chemical Buffers 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Buffer System 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphate Buffer System 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Dioxide Exhalation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcretion of Hydrogen Ions 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid–Base Imbalances 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicturition or Urination 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 The Immune System 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Versus Disease 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobes 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease Transmission Routes 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiofilms 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymptoms of Disease 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic Organisms 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacteria (Prokaryotes) 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasive Properties 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpread of Bacteria 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMycoplasma Species 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics and Resistance 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViruses 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplication 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEukaryotic Pathogens 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFungi 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Parasites 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtection from Disease 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Barriers 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnate Immunity 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammation 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterferons 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplement System 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Killer Cells 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive\/Acquired Immunity 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Adaptive\/Acquired Immunity 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigens and Antibodies 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigen Presentation 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngestion of an Antigen – Mode of Action 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelper T Cell Activation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytotoxic T Cells 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Exercise Physiology, Functional Anatomy and Conformation 365\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise Physiology 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFitness 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorses at Rest 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise and Energy 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuels Available for Exercise 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmediate Response of the Horse’s Body to Exercise 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges Occurring during Exercise 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomeostatic Mechanisms Involved during Exercise 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactateThreshold 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver-training 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong-Term Responses of the Horse’s Body to Exercise 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFitness Training 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreliminaryWork 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmentWork 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFastWork 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterval Training 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAims of Interval Training 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring Interval Training 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeginning Interval Training 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow to Use Interval Training 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoints Regarding Interval Training 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional Anatomy 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentre of Gravity 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStay Apparatus 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoving the Front Legs 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoving the Hind Legs 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquine Biomechanics 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinematics 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinetics 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConformation 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdeal Conformation 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopline 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeck 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithers 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChest 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShoulder 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElbow 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForelimb 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeet 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBack 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindquarters 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Teeth and Ageing 391\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquine Teeth 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWear and Tear 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgeing 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare of Equine Teeth 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Evolution, Classification and Behaviour of the Horse 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Time Period 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Development 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolutionary Family Tree 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDomestic Breeds and Types of Horses 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDonkeys 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrzewalski’s Horse 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMustangs 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehaviour of the Modern Horse 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnate Behaviour 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearned Behaviour 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHabituation 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassical Conditioning 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperant Conditioning 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent Learning 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsight Learning 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStereotypies 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImprinting 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dopamine Receptor D4 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary Points 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ + A 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Anatomical Terms Based on theMedian Plane 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Haematology and Plasma Biochemistry Tests 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Functions, Sources and Deficiencies of Vitamins andMinerals in Horses 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 429\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866376941911,"sku":"9781118741184","price":37.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118741184.jpg?v=1722278359","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/equine-science-3e-9781118741184","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}