{"product_id":"environmental-surfaces-and-interfaces-from-the-nanoscale-to-the-global-scale-9780470400364","title":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces from the","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBased on the author's 15 years of teaching water-rock interactions and tried and tested in the classroom,  Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces  covers everything from the theory of charged particle surfaces to how minerals grow and dissolve to new frontiers in W-R interactions, such as nanoparticles, geomicrobiology, and climate change.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstants and Units xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeriodic Table of the Elements \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Some Fundamental Chemical Thermodynamic and Kinetic Concepts 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration Units 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermodyamic Versus Kinetic Approaches 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroductory Thermodynamics 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGibbs Energy 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Potential and Activity 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquilibrium Constants 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating the Equilibrium Constant from Gibbs Energy Changes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature Effects on K\u003csub\u003eeq \u003c\/sub\u003e8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculating Activities 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaturation Indices (SIs) 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonate Equilibria in Open or Closed Systems 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcite Equilibria in a System Open to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRedox Reactions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal Speciation Diagrams 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief Introduction to Kinetics 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall Versus Elementary Reactions 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecularity and Reaction Order 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransition State Theory and the Arrhenius Equation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMichaelis-Menten Kinetics 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Elovich Equation for Chemisorption Kinetics 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimultaneous Versus Sequential Reaction Sequences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Versus Surface Control of Mineral Growth and Dissolution Rates 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate Laws for Surface-Controlled Mineral Growth and Dissolution 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquilibration Time in Porous Media 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Hydrologic Cycle as Context for Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Structure and Fundamental Properties of Water 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chemical Composition of the Earth 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Critical Zone 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hydrologic Cycle 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOceans 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmosphere 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderground water 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoils and Soil Water 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundwater 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Waters: Focus on Rivers 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream Load 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGibbs Plots 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hyporheic Zone 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe OTIS Model and Solute Transport in Streams 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle Transport and Sedimentation 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Budgets and Chemical Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Some Minerals of Special Interest to Environmental Surface Chemistry 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGibbsite 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartz 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaolinite 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmectite: Example Montmorillonite 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe(hydr)oxides 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematite 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoethite 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLepidocrocite 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaghemite 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerrihydrite 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetite 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese Oxides 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcite 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeldspars 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZeolites 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Some Key Techniques for Investigating Surfaces and Interfaces 82\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief Overview of Some Commonly Used Techniques 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-Depth Descriptions of Some Key Techniques 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Imaging Parameters and High-Resolution Imaging of Hematite 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFM and Interfacial Forces 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eX-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBET Surface Area Measurements 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Synchrotron-Based Techniques 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroscopies for Biofilm Imaging 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Surfaces and Interfaces 112\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is a Surface? What is an Interface? 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Challenges of Defining Surfaces and Interfaces 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurfaces are Complex 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxation and Reconstruction 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Sites 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Microtopography 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Free Energy 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Near Surfaces 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic Surfaces 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Substrates 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFractal Properties of Surfaces and Environmental Particles 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterdisciplinary Topic of Study 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Free Energy and Surface Excess 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Tension and Related Phenomena 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurfactants and Micelles 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact Angle 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Young-Laplace Equation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeniscus and Capillarity 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gibbs Equation 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Approaches to Surface and Interface Modeling 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Bacteria–Mineral–Gas Interactions in the Vadose Zone 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 The Charged Interface and Surface Complexation 136\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Evidence for Surface Charge 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of Mineral Surface Charge 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoints of Zero Charge 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The Surface Charge Properties of Kaolinitic Soils 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorption Terminology 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCation Exchange Capacity 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorption Isotherms 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdsorption Isotherm Equations 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Langmuir Isotherm Equation 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Freundlich Isotherm Equation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Frumkin Isotherm Equation 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Double Layer, Gouy-Chapman Theory 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond Gouy-Chapman: Surface Complexation Models 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant Capacitance Model (CCM) 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Diffuse Double Layer (DDL) Model 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriple Layer Model (TLM) 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharge Distribution CD\/MUSIC Model 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel Verification and Validation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Incorporating the Work Associated with Removal of Water During Adsorption into the TLM 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDLVO Theory and Colloid Attachment in Porous Media 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sorption: Inorganic Cations and Anions 173\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Typical Sorption Experiment Design 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal Cation Sorption 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Complexity of Cation Adsorption 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInorganic Anion Adsorption 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphate Adsorption 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrate Adsorption 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfate Adsorption 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonate Sorption 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance of Redox State and Valence to Inorganic Ion Adsorption 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromium 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeptunium 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUranium 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelenium 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Arsenic Speciation and Mobility 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Sorption: Organic Compounds 194\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief Introduction to Organic Chemistry 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Organic Compounds of Interest in Environmental Surface Chemistry 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymers 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Surfactants, Including Fatty Acids 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumic Substances 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstituted Nitrobenzenes (SNBs) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorption of Simple Organic Ligands, Surfactants, and Natural Organic Matter 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdsorption of Simple Organic Ligands 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdsorption of Anionic Surfactants, Fatty Acids 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorption of Cationic Surfactants 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorption of Phospholipid Surfactants: Biomedical Implications 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdsorption of Humic And Fulvic Acids (NOM) 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal–Ligand Coadsorption: Ternary Surface Complexes 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorption of Some Organic Pollutants 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVapor Pressure, Solubility, and Density 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Octanol-Water Partition Constant, \u003ci\u003eK\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eow\u003c\/sub\u003e 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Fuel and Solvent Leaks: Volatilization, Solubility, Density, and \u003ci\u003eK\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eow\u003c\/sub\u003e 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hammett Constant \u003ci\u003eσ\u003c\/i\u003e for Substituted Aromatic Acids Based on the Benzene Ring 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Sorption of SNBs 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Dynamics (MD) Modeling of Atrazine Absorption 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe K d Approach to Hydrophobic Organic Compound Transport in Porous Media 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivated Carbon and Sorption of VOCs 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Mineral Nucleation and Growth 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaturation State and Mineral Nucleation: An Example of the Confluence of Thermodynamics and Kinetics 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroxypyromorphite Nucleation 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterogeneous Nucleation and Epitaxial Growth 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Nucleation to Growth 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOstwald Ripening 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport and Surface Controlled Growth 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Special Importance of Kink Sites 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCF Theory 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Mode and Driving Force 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Calcite Birth and Spread versus Spiral Growth: BCF Theory 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates of Step Advancement 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpurities and Growth at Steps 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo Simulations of Crystal Growth 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomineralization 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonate Precipitation in the Marine Environment 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Mineral Weathering and Dissolution 253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical, Physical, and Biological Weathering 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermodynamics of Mineral Weathering 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinetics of Mineral Dissolution 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEtch Pit Formation 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxalate Promoted Dissolution of Hematite 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of Laboratory- and Field-Based Dissolution Rates 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive Surface Area and Feldspar Dissolution 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRainfall and Weathering: An Example from the Hawaiian Islands 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Weathering in the Antarctic Dry Valleys 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactors for Dissolution Experiments 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Use of Radiogenic Isotopes in Weathering Studies 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Plants as Environmental Surfaces 280\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcohydrology and Soil Moisture Balance 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Notes on Angiosperm Physiology 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nutrient Needs of Plants 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Plants on Mineral Dissolution and Weathering 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModes of Plant Elemental Cycling 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants and Biomineralization: Phytoliths 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants and Formations in Limestone Caves 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytoremediation as an Example of Plant-Mineral-Contaminant Interactions 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Phytoremediation of Atrazine 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Microorganisms As Environmental Surfaces 296\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Microorganisms “make a Living” 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Pathways 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Redox Reactions and Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Temperature Ranges and Extremophiles 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Growth Curves 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Groups 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Cell Walls 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Adhesion and Biofilms 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial–Metal Interactions 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial-Promoted Mineral Dissolution 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissolution of Fe(III)(hydr)oxides by DIRB 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissimilatory Metal-Reducing Bacteria 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Effects on Carbonate Dissolution 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Importance of Field-Based Studies 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: The In Situ Microcosm Approach 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoupling In Situ Microcosms with Community Analysis 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiderophores 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Biomineralization 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonate Precipitation 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe(III)(hydr)oxide Precipitaton: BIOS 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanded Iron Formations (BIF) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Alumino)silicate Precipitation 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Bioremediation of U at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Site 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Fuel Cells 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is a Nanoparticle? 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticle Occurrence and Distribution 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Makes a Nanoparticle Different? 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticle Surface Area, Stability, and Reactivity 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticles Have a Different Electronic Structure 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Electronic Structure Influences Nanoparticle Behavior 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticle Disorder and Defect Structures 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerrihydrite Size, Structure, and Stability 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of pH and Adsorbed Ions on Nanoparticle Stabilities 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study: Fe(hydr)oxide Size and Stability 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Growth of Nanoparticles 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assembly and Templating 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticle Transport in Porous Media 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Emergence of Nanotechnology 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential Environmental Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The Big Picture: Interface Processes and the Environment 356\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive Transport Models for Metals and Radionuclides in Porous Media 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe K d Approach Encounters Difficulties for Metals and Radionuclides 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the K d versus Surface Complexation Modeling Approaches 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid Rain Effects on Chemical Weathering 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Makes Rainfall Acidic? 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Acid Rain 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid Rain and Chemical Weathering 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Small Watershed Approach 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNETPATH and PHREEQC 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Clean Air Act and Acid Rain Over Time 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid Mine Drainage 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Environmental Problem 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanoparticles and AMD 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrobiogeochemical and Photoreductive Processes 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiofilms and AMD 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential Remediation Strategies 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Particles and Climate Change 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate Forcing and Feedbacks 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolcanoes and Climate 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e and Weathering 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeling the C Cycle Over Geologic Time 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScaling Phenomena: Integrating Observations from the Atomic to the Watershed to the Global Scale 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Concept of the Macroscope 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbedded Sensor Network Systems 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensors for Surface and Interface Phenomena 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Opportunities: New Challenges 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Further Thought 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of Terms 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 437\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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