{"product_id":"environmental-and-lowtemperature-geochemistry-9781119568582","title":"Environmental and LowTemperature Geochemistry","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnvironmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry\u003c\/b\u003e presents conceptual and quantitative principles of geochemistry in order to foster understanding of natural processes at and near the earth's surface, as well as anthropogenic impacts and remediation strategies. It provides the reader with principles that allow prediction of concentration, speciation, mobility and reactivity of elements and compounds in soils, waters, sediments and air, drawing attention to both thermodynamic and kinetic controls. The scope includes atmosphere, terrestrial waters, marine waters, soils, sediments and rocks in the shallow crust; the temporal scale is present to Precambrian, and the spatial scale is nanometers to local, regional and global.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis second edition of \u003cb\u003eEnvironmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry\u003c\/b\u003e provides the most up-to-date status of the carbon cycle and global warming, including carbon sources, sinks, fluxes and consequences, as well as emerging evidence for (and effects\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements, Ions, Bonding, Reactions 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry – History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements – Origins and Abundances 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Atoms, Isotopes, and Valence Electrons 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Measuring Concentrations 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Periodic Table 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Acid–Base Equilibria, PH, K Values 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Chemical Reactions 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy and Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling’s Rules, and Ionic Substitution 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Silicates 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Clay Minerals (1 : 1 and 2 : 1 Minerals, Interstratified Clays) 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Crystal Chemistry of Adsorption and Cation Exchange 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Low-Temperature Non-Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Biomineralization 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Organic Compounds in the Environment 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Natural Organic Compounds at the Earth Surface 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Fate and Transport of Organic Pollutants, Controls on Bioavailability, Behavior of DNAPLS and LNAPLS, Biodegradation, Remediation 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Summary 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Aqueous Systems and Water Chemistry 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction to the Geochemistry of Natural Waters 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Structure of Water – Implications of Geometry and Polarity 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Dissolved versus Particulate, Solutions, and Suspensions 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Speciation: Simple Ions, Polyatomic Ions, and Aqueous Complexes 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Controls on the Solubility of Inorganic Elements and Ions 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Ion Activities, Ionic Strength, TDS 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Solubility Products, Saturation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Coprecipitation 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Behavior of Selected Elements in Aqueous Systems 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Eh–pH Diagrams 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Silicon in Solution 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Effect of Adsorption and Ion Exchange on Water Chemistry 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Other Graphical Representations of Aqueous Systems: Piper and Stiff Diagrams 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Summary 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Carbonate Geochemistry and the Carbon Cycle 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Inorganic Carbon in the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 The Carbon Cycle 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Biogeochemical Systems and Cycles (N, P, S) 157\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Systems and Elemental Cycles 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Elemental Cycles 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Global Atmosphere: Composition, Evolution, and Anthropogenic Change 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Atmospheric Structure, Circulation, and Composition 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Evaporation, Distillation, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Dissolution, and the Composition of Natural Precipitation 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Greenhouse Gases: Structures, Sources, Sinks, and Effects on Climate 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Air Quality: Urban and Regional Pollutants 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Air Pollution: Definitions and Scope 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Oxygen and its Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Free Radicals 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Sulfur Dioxide 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Nitrogen Oxides 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Carbon Monoxide 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Particulate Matter 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Lead (Pb) 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Hydrocarbons and Air Quality: Tropospheric Ozone and Photochemical Smog 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Sulfur and Nitrogen and Acid Deposition 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Organochlorine Pesticides, Mercury, and Other Trace Constituents in the Atmosphere 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Chemical Weathering, Soils, and Hydrology 225\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Chemical Weathering of Primary Minerals in Soils 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Products and Consequences of Chemical Weathering 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Soil Profiles, Nomenclature, Soil-Forming Factors 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Soils and the Geochemistry of Paleoclimate Analysis 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Effects of Acid Deposition on Soils and Aquatic Ecosystems 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Soils and Plant Nutrients 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Saline and Sodic Soils 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Toxic Metals and Metalloids 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Organic Soil Pollutants and Remediation (Fuels, Insecticides, Solvents) 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Stable Isotope Geochemistry 259\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Stable Isotopes – Mass Differences and the Concept of Fractionation 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Delta (δ) Notation 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Fractionation: Vibrational Frequencies, Mass, and Temperature Dependence 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 δ\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003eO and δD 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c\/sup\u003eN 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003eC 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 δ\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003eS 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Nontraditional Stable Isotopes 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Summary 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopegeochemistry 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Radioactive Decay 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Radionuclide Tracers in Environmental Geochemistry 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Radionuclides as Environmental Contaminants 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Geochronology 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Radioactive Decay Methods of Dating Sediments and Minerals 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix I Case Study on the Relationships among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS), Microbial Activity, Redox Reactions, Remediation, and Arsenic Mobility in Groundwater 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.1 Site Information, Contaminant Delineation 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.2 Remediation Efforts 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.3 Sources of PCE and ARSENIC 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.4 Mobilization of Arsenic 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix II Case Study of PFOA Migration in a Fractured Rock Aquifer: Using Geochemistry to Decipher Causes of Heterogeneity 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eII.1 Geologic Framework 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eII.2 Inorganic Chemistry of Groundwater 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eII.3 Stable Isotope Compositions of Groundwater 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eII.4 Groundwater Age-Dating 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eII.5 Conceptual Model for the Groundwater System 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix III Instrumental Analysis 331\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII.1 Analysis of Minerals and Crystal Chemistry 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII.2 Chemical Analysis of Rocks and Sediments: XRF 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII.3 Elements or Compounds in Solution 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII.4 Isotopic Analysis: Mass Spectrometry 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix IV Table of Thermodynamic Data of Selected Species at 1 ATM and 25 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e∘\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eC 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 345\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53186831286615,"sku":"9781119568582","price":71.2,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/environmental-and-lowtemperature-geochemistry-9781119568582","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}