{"product_id":"environmental-and-agricultural-microbiology-9781119526230","title":"Environmental and Agricultural Microbiology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental and Agricultural Microbiology \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUniquely reveals the state-of-the-art microbial research\/advances in the environment and agriculture fields\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEnvironmental and Agricultural Microbiology: Applications for Sustainability\u003c\/i\u003e is divided into two parts which embody chapters on sustenance and life cycles of microorganisms in various environmental conditions, their dispersal, interactions with other inhabited communities, metabolite production, and reclamation. Though books pertaining to soil \u0026amp; agricultural microbiology\/environmental biotechnology are available, there is a dearth of comprehensive literature on the behavior of microorganisms in the environmental and agricultural realm.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart 1 includes bioremediation of agrochemicals by microalgae, detoxification of chromium and other heavy metals by microbial biofilm, microbial biopolymer technology including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB), their production, degradability behaviors\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1: Microbial Bioremediation and Biopolymer Technology 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A Recent Perspective on Bioremediation of Agrochemicals by Microalgae: Aspects and Strategies 3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrithu Baruah and Neha Chaurasia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Pollution Due to Pesticides 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Acute Effects 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Chronic Effects 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Microalgal Species Involved in Bioremediation of Pesticides 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Strategies for Phycoremediation of Pesticides 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Involvement of Enzymes in Phycoremediation of Pesticides 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Use of Genetically Engineered Microalgae 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Molecular Aspects of Pesticide Biodegradation by Microalgae 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Factor Affecting Phycoremediation of Pesticides 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Biological Factor 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Chemical Factor 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Environment Factor 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Benefit and Shortcomings of Phycoremediation 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Benefits 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Shortcomings 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microalgal Bioremediation of Toxic Hexavalent Chromium: A Review 25\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePritikrishna Majhi, Satyabrata Nayak and Saubhagya Manjari Samantaray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Chromium Cycle 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Effects of Hexavalent Chromium Toxicity 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Toxicity to Microorganisms 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Toxicity to Plant Body 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Toxicity to Animals 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Chromium Bioremediation by Microalgae 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Cyanobacteria 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Green Algae 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Diatoms 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Mechanism Involved in Hexavalent Chromium Reduction in Microalgae 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusion 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Biodetoxification of Heavy Metals Using Biofilm Bacteria 39\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdyasa Barik, Debasish Biswal, A. Arun and Vellaisamy Balasubramanian\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Source and Toxicity of Heavy Metal Pollution 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Non-Essential Heavy Metals 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Arsenic 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Cadmium 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.3 Chromium 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.4 Lead 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.5 Mercury 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Essential Heavy Metals 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Copper 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Zinc 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.3 Nickel 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Biofilm Bacteria 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Interaction of Metal and Biofilm Bacteria 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Biodetoxification Mechanisms 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Biosorption 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Bioleaching 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Biovolatilization 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Bioimmobilization 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Conclusion 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Microbial-Derived Polymers and Their Degradability Behavior for Future Prospects 63\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohammad Asif Ali, Aniruddha Nag and Maninder Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Polyamides 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Bioavailability and Production 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Biodegradability of Polyamides 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Degradation of Nylon 4 Under the Soil 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Fungal Degradation of Nylon 6 and Nylon 66 (Synthetic Polyamide) 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Itaconic Acid-Based Heterocyclic Polyamide 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Summary and Future Development 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Polylactic Acid 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Availability and Production 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Polymerization Method 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Biodegradability of Polylactic Acid 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Copolymerization Method 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Blending Method 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Nanocomposite Formation 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.7 Summary 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Application of PHAs 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Biodegradability of PHAs 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Degradability Methods 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Summary 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusion and Future Development 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 A Review on PHAs: The Future Biopolymer 83\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. Mohapatra, K. Vishwakarma, N. C. Joshi, S. Maity, R. Kumar, M. Ramchander, S. Pattnaik and D. P. Samantaray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Green Plastic: Biodegradable Polymer Used as Plastic 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Difference Between Biopolymer and Bioplastic 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Its Applications 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Microorganisms Producing PHAs 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Advantages 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Polyhydroxybutyrate as an Eco-Friendly Alternative of Synthetic Plastics 101\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShikha Sharma, Priyanka Sharma, Vishal Sharma and Bijender Kumar Bajaj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Bioplastics 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Bioplastics vs. Petroleum-Based Plastics 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 PHB-Producing Bacteria 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Methods for Detecting PHB Granules 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Biochemical Pathway for Synthesis of PHB 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Production of PHB 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Process Optimization for PHB Production 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Optimization of PHB Production by One Variable at a Time Approach 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Statistical Approaches for PHB Optimization 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Production of PHB Using Genetically Modified Organisms 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Characterization of PHB 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Various Biochemical Techniques Used for PHB Characterization 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.6 Microscopic Techniques 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.7 Elemental Analysis 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.8 Polarimetry 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.9 Molecular Size Analysis 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Biodegradation of PHB 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Application Spectrum of PHB 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Conclusion 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Future Perspectives 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Microbial Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Their Applications 151\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eN.N.N. Anitha and Rajesh K. Srivastava\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Conventional Plastics and Its Issues in Utility 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Synthetic Plastic and Its Accumulation or Degradation Impacts 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Bioplastics 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 Microorganisms in the Production of PHAs 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fermentation for PHAs Production 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Downstream Process for PHAs 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Sustainable Smart Packaging of Fruits 183\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. Pati, S. Mohapatra, S. Maity, A. Dash and D. P. Samantaray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Physiological Changes of Fresh Fruits During Ripening and Minimal Processing 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Smart Packaging 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Biodegradable Polymers for Fruit Packaging 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Legal Aspects of Smart Packaging 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Pros and Cons of Smart Packaging Using PHAs 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusion 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Biosurfactants Production and Their Commercial Importance 197\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSaishree Rath and Rajesh K. Srivastava\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Chemical Surfactant Compounds 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Biosurfactant Compounds 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Properties of Biosurfactant Compound 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Activities of Surface and Interface Location 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Temperature and pH Tolerance 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Biodegradability 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Low Toxicity 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Emulsion Forming and Breaking 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Production of Biosurfactant by Microbial Fermentation 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Factors Influencing the Production of Biosurfactants 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.1 Environmental Conditions 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.2 Carbon Substrates 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.3 Estimation of Biosurfactants Activity 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Advantages, Microorganisms Involved, and Applications of Biosurfactants 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Advantages of Using Biosurfactants 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.1 Easy Raw Materials for Biosurfactant Biosynthesis 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.2 Low Toxic Levels for Environment 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.3 Best Operation With Surface and Interface Activity 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.4 Good Biodegradability 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.5 Physical Variables 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Microbial Sources 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Production of Biosurfactants 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3.1 Production of Rhamnolipids 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3.2 Regulation of Rhamnolipids Synthesis 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3.3 Commercial Use of Biosurfactants 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusions 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2: Microbes in Sustainable Agriculture and Biotechnological Applications 219\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Functional Soil Microbes: An Approach Toward Sustainable Horticulture 221\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eC. Sarathambal, R. Dinesh and V. Srinivasan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Nitrogen Fixation 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Production of Phytohormones 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Production of Enzymes That can Transform Crop Growth 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Microbial Antagonism 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Solubilization of Minerals 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 Siderophore and Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.7 Cyanide (HCN) Production 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.8 Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth of Horticultural Crops 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Rhizosphere Microbiome: The Next-Generation Crop Improvement Strategy 243\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. Anandaraj, S. Manivannan and P. Umadevi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Rhizosphere Engineering 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Omics Tools to Study Rhizosphere Metagenome 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Metagenomics 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Metaproteomics 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Metatranscriptomics 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Ionomics 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 As Next-Generation Crop Improvement Strategy 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Methane Emission and Strategies for Mitigation in Livestock 257\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNibedita Sahoo, Swati Pattnaik, Matrujyoti Pattnaik and Swati Mohapatra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Contribution of Methane from Livestock 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Methanogens 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Rumen Microbial Community 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Methanogens Found in Rumen 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Enrichment of Methanogens from Rumen Liquor 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Screening for Methane Production 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Isolation of Methanogens 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Molecular Characterization 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Methanogenesis: Methane Production 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Pathways of Methanogenesis 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Pathway of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Reduction 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Reduction to Formyl-Methanofuran 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Conversion of the Formyl Group from Formyl-Methanofuran to Formyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Formation of Methenyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 Reduction of Methenyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin to Methyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.7 Reduction of Methyl-Tetrahydromethanopterin to Methyl-S-Coenzyme M 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.8 Reduction of Methyl-S-Coenzyme M to CH4 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Strategies for Mitigation of Methane Emission 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Dietary Manipulation 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.1 Increasing Dry Matter Intake 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.2 Increasing Ration Concentrate Fraction 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.3 Supplementation of Lipid 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.4 Protozoa Removal 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Feed Additives 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.1 Ionophore Compounds 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.2 Halogenated Methane Compound 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.3 Organic Acid 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Microbial Feed Additives 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.1 Vaccination 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3.2 Bacteriophages and Bacteriocins 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Animal Breeding and Selection 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusion 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Liquid Biofertilizers and Their Applications: An Overview 275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAvro Dey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Chemical Fertilizer and its Harmful Effect 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Biofertilizers “Boon for Mankind” 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Carrier-Based Biofertilizers 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Solid Carrier-Based Biofertilizers 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Liquid Biofertilizer 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Sterilization of the Carrier 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Merits of Using Liquid Biofertilizer Over Solid Carrier-Based Biofertilizer 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Types of Liquid Biofertilizer 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Production of Liquid Biofertilizers 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Isolation of the Microorganism 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Preparation of Medium and Growth Condition 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.3 Culture and Preservation 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.4 Preparation of Liquid Culture 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.5 Fermentation and Mass Production 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.6 Formulation of the Liquid Biofertilizers 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Applications of Biofertilizers 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Conclusion 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Extremozymes: Biocatalysts From Extremophilic Microorganisms and Their Relevance in Current Biotechnology 293\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKhushbu Kumari Singh and Lopamudra Ray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Extremophiles: The Source of Novel Enzymes 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Thermophilic Extremozymes 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Psychrophilic Extremozymes 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Halophilic Extremozymes 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Alkaliphilic\/Acidiophilic Extremozymes 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Piezophilic Extremozymes 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 The Potential Application of Extremozymes in Biotechnology 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Microbial Chitinases and Their Applications: An Overview 313\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSuraja Kumar Nayak, Swapnarani Nayak, Swaraj Mohanty, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray and Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Chitinases and Its Types 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Sources of Microbial Chitinase 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Bacterial Chitinases 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Fungal Chitinases 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Actinobacteria 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Viruses\/Others 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Genetics of Microbial Chitinase 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial Chitinase Production 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Media Components 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Physical Parameters 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Modes and Methods of Fermentation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Advances Biotechnological Methods 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Applications of Microbial Chitinases 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Agricultural 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1.1 Biopesticides 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1.2 Biocontrol 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Biomedical 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Pharmaceutical 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Industrial 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5 Environmental 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5.1 Waste Management 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.6 Others 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Conclusion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Lithobiontic Ecology: Stone Encrusting Microbes and their Environment 341\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbhik Mojumdar, Himadri Tanaya Behera and Lopamudra Ray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Diversity of Lithobionts and Its Ecological Niche 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Epiliths 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Endoliths 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Hypoliths 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Colonization Strategies of Lithobionts 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Temperature 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Water Availability 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Light Availability 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Geography of Lithobbiontic Coatings 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Bacteria 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Cyanobacteria 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Fungi 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Algae 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Lichens 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Impacts of Lithobiontic Coatings 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 On Organic Remains 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 On Rock Weathering 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 On Rock Coatings 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Role of Lithobionts in Harsh Environments 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Conclusion 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Microbial Intervention in Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Other Bioenergy Products 361\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHimadri Tanaya Behera, Abhik Mojumdar, Smruti Ranjan Das, Chiranjib Mohapatra and Lopamudra Ray\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Biomass 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Biofuel 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Biodiesel 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Microalgae in Biodiesel Production 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.2 Oleaginous Yeasts in Biodiesel Production 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.3 Oleaginous Fungi in Biodiesel Production 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.4 Bacteria in Biodiesel Production 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Bioalcohol 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.1 Bioethanol 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2.2 Biobutanol 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Biogas 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Biohydrogen 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Other Bioenergy Products 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cells 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.1 Microbes Used in MFCs 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.2 Future Aspects of Microbial Fuel Cells 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Microbial Nanowires in Bioenergy Application 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.1 Pili 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.2 Outer Membranes and Extended Periplasmic Space 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.3 Unknown Type—MNWs Whose Identity to be Confirmed 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Microbial Nanowires in Bioenergy Production 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Role of Microbes and Microbial Consortium in Solid Waste Management 383\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRachana Jain, Lopa Pattanaik, Susant Kumar Padhi and Satya Narayan Naik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Types of Solid Waste 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Domestic Wastes 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Institutional and Commercial Wastes 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Wastes From Street Cleansing 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Industrial Wastes 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Nuclear Wastes 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.6 Agricultural Wastes 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Waste Management in India 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Solid Waste Management 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Solid Waste Management Techniques 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Incineration 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.3 Landfilling 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.4 Aerobic Composting 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.5 Vermicomposting 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.6 Anaerobic Digestion 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.6.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.6.2 Fermentation 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.6.3 Acetogenesis 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.6.4 Methanogenesis 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.7 Bioethanol From Various Solid Wastes 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Conclusion 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 423\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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