{"product_id":"engineering-physics-of-hightemperature-materials-9781119420484","title":"Engineering Physics of HighTemperature Materials","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eENGINEERING PHYSICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover a comprehensive exploration of high temperature materials written by leading materials scientists \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eEngineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials: Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics\u003c\/i\u003e distinguished researchers and authors Nirmal K. Sinha and Shoma Sinha deliver a rigorous and wide-ranging discussion of the behavior of different materials at high temperatures. The book discusses a variety of physical phenomena, from plate tectonics and polar sea ice to ice-age and intraglacial depression and the postglacial rebound of Earth's crust, stress relaxation at high temperatures, and microstructure and crack-enhanced Elasto Delayed Elastic Viscous (EDEV) models. At a very high level, \u003ci\u003eEngineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials (EPHTM)\u003c\/i\u003e takes a multidisciplinary view of the behavior of materials at temperatures close to their melting point. The volume particularly focuses on a powerful model calle\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Importance of a Unified Model of High-Temperature Material Behavior \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The World’s Kitchens – The Innovation Centers for Materials Development 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Defining High Temperature Based on Cracking Characteristics 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Trinities of Earth’s Structure and Cryosphere 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Trinity of Earth’s Structure 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Trinity of Earth’s Cryospheric Regions 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Earth’s Natural Materials (Rocks and Ice) 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Ice: A High-Temperature Material 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Ice: An Analog to Understand High-Temperature Properties of Solids 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Rationalization of Temperature: Low and High 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Deglaciation and Earth’s Response 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 High-Temperature Deformation: Time Dependency 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Issues with Terminology: Elastic, Plastic, and Viscous Deformation 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Elastic, Delayed Elastic, and Viscous Deformation 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Strength of Materials 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Paradigm Shifts 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Paradigm Shift in Experimental Approach 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Breaking Tradition for Creep Testing 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Exemplification the Novel Approach 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 Romanticism for a Constant-Structure Creep Test 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Nature of Crystalline Substances for Engineering Applications \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Basic Materials Classification 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Solid-state Materials 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Structure of Crystalline Solids 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Structure of Amorphous Solids 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 General Physical Principles 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Solidification of Materials 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Phase Diagrams 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Crystal Imperfections 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Glass and Glassy Phase 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Glass Transition 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Structure of Real Glass 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Composition of Standard Glass 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Thermal Tempering 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Material Characteristics 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Rocks: The Most Abundant Natural Polycrystalline Material 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Sedimentary Rocks 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Metamorphic Rocks 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Igneous Rocks 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Ice: The Second Most Abundant Natural Polycrystalline Material 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Ceramics 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Metals and Alloys 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Iron-base Alloys 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Nickel-base Alloys 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Titanium-base Alloys 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.4 Mechanical Metallurgy 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Classification of Solids Based on Mechanical Response at High Temperatures 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Forensic Physical Materialogy \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Material Characterization 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Polycrystalline Solids and Crystal Defects 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Etch-Pitting Technique – A Powerful Tool 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Structure and Texture of Natural Hexagonal Ice, \u003ci\u003eI\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eh\u003c\/sub\u003e 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Section Preparation for Microstructural Analysis 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Thin Sectioning of Ice 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Large 300mm Diameter Polariscope 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Sectioning for Forensic Analysis of Compression Failure 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Etching of Prepared Section Surfaces 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Surface Etching 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Sublimation Etch Pits in Ice, \u003ci\u003eI\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eh\u003c\/sub\u003e 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Etch-Pitting Technique for Dislocations 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Simultaneous Etching and Replicating 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Etching Processes and Their Applications 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Chemical Etching and Replicating of Ice Surfaces 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Displaying Dislocation Climb by Etching 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Thermal Etching: An Unexploited Materialogy Tool 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Test Techniques and Test Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 On the Strength of Materials and Test Techniques 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Issues with Stress–Strain (\u003ci\u003eσ\u003c\/i\u003e–\u003ci\u003eε\u003c\/i\u003e) Diagrams at High Temperatures 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Fundamentals of Displacement Rate, Strain Rate, and Stress Rate Tests 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Time – An Important Parameter at High Temperatures 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Static Modulus and Dynamic Elastic Modulus 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Thermal Expansion Over a Wide Range of Temperature 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Creep and Fracture Strength 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Bending Tests 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Three-Point Bending 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Four-Point Bending 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Cantilever Beam Bending 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Compression Tests – Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Triaxial 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Uniaxial Compression Tests 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Biaxial or Confined Compression Tests 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Triaxial or Multiaxial Compression and Tension Tests 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Tensile and\/or Compression Test System 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Tests with Single Top-Lever Loading Frame 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Universal Testing Machine and Systems: Introduction to SRRT Methodology 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Stress Relaxation Tests (SRTs) 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Necessity for Stress Relaxation Properties 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Basic Principle of SRTs 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Cyclic Fatigue 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF) and High-Cycle Fatigue (HCF Tests) 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Uncharted Characteristics of Delayed Elasticity in Cyclic Loading 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3 Cyclic Loading of Snow and Thermal Cycling on Asphalt Concrete 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Acoustic Emission (AE) and\/or Microseismic Activity (MA) 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Tempering of Structural and Automotive Glasses 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Specimen Size and Geometry: Depending on Material Grain Structure 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 In Situ Borehole Tests: Inspirations from Rock Mechanics 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Creep Fundamentals \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Overview 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 On Rheology and Rheological Terminology 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Forms of Creep and Deformation Maps 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Generalization for Polycrystalline Materials 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Nabarro–Herring Creep 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Coble Creep 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Harper–Dorn Creep 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Ashby–Verrall Creep 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Deformation Mechanism Maps 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Grain-Boundary Shearing or Sliding 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Creep Curves – Classical Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Descriptions 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Elasticity and Annealing of Glass 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Phenomenological Rheology of Glass 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Normalized Creep – Another Presentation of Rheology of Glass 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Phenomenology of Primary Creep in Metals, Ceramics, and Rocks 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Primary Creep in Ice: Launching SRRT Technique and EDEV Model 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Grain-Boundary Shearing (gbs) and Grain-Size Dependent Delayed Elasticity 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Generalization of EDEV Model: Introduction of Grain-Size Effect 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Logarithmic Primary Creep: An Alternative Form of the EDEV Model 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Shifting Paradigms: Emphasizing Primary Creep of Polycrystalline Materials 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 SRRT for Primary Creep and EDEV Model of a Titanium-Base Superalloy (Ti-6246) 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 SRRT for Primary Creep and EDEV Model for a Nickel-Base Superalloy (Waspaloy) 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 SRRT for Primary Creep of a Nickel-Rich Iron-Base Alloy (Discaloy) 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 SRRTs for Primary Creep and EDEV Model of a Nickel-Base Superalloy (IN-738LC) 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 EDEV-Based Strain-Rate Sensitivity of High-Temperature Yield Strength 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16.1 Constant Strain-Rate Yield 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16.2 Yield Strength of Ti-6246 at 873 K (0.45 \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003em\u003c\/sub\u003e) 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16.3 Yield Strength of Waspaloy at 1005 K (0.62 \u003ci\u003eT\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003em\u003c\/sub\u003e) 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17 Single-Crystal (SX) Superalloy Delayed Elasticity and \u003ci\u003eγ\u003c\/i\u003e\/\u003ci\u003eγ \u003c\/i\u003eInterface Shearing 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18 Creep, Steady-State Tertiary Stage, and Elasto–Viscous (EV) Model for Single Crystals 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19 Creep Fracture and EV Model for CMSX-10 SXs 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20 Fracture and Inhomogeneous Deformation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21 Dynamic Steady-State Tertiary Creep of Several Nickel-Base SXs 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21.1 MAR-M-247 Single Crystal 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21.2 CMSX-3 Single Crystal 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21.3 CMSX-4 Single Crystal with Rhenium 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21.4 CMSX-4 Single Crystal 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21.5 TMS-75 Single Crystal 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21.6 SRR99 Single Crystal 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Phenomenological Creep Failure Models \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Creep and Creep Failure 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Steady-State Creep 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Commonly Used Creep Experiments and Strength Tests 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Constant Stress and Constant Deformation (CD) Rate Tests 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 A Short Glimpse of Creep Tests 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Power Law for Creep 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Larsen and Miller Concept 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Monkman and Grant (M-G) Relationship 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Rabotnov–Kachanov Concept for Creep Fracture 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.7 Breaking Tradition – \u003ci\u003eθ\u003c\/i\u003e-Projection Concept 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Modeling Very Long-Term Creep Rupture from Short-Term Tests 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Traditional Approaches for Power-Generation Operations 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Captivating and Entrenched Focus on Minimum Creep Rate 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 High-Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue (HT-LCF) and Dwell Fatigue 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Crucial Tests on Rate Sensitivity of High-Temperature Strength 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Rational Approach Inspired by the Principle of “Hindsight 20\/20” 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 High-Temperature Grain-Boundary Embrittlement and Creep \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e237\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Fracture and Material Failure 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Griffith’s Model for Crack Propagation 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Crack Nucleation Mechanisms at Low Homologous Temperatures 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Acoustic Emissions and Cracks 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 A Novel Treatment of AE and Cracks in Ice Engineering 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Grain Size Effects on Strength 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Popular Low-Temperature Concept of Strength 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Problems with Estimating Grain Size 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Inapplicability of the Hall–Petch Relation at High Temperatures 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Grain-Boundary Shearing (gbs) Induced Crack Initiation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Groundwork for a High-Temperature Crack-Initiation Hypothesis 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Gold’s Classic Studies on Creep Cracking by Visual Observations 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Forensic Microstructural Examinations of First Creep Cracks 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 First Grain-Facet-Sized Cracks and Critical Delayed Elastic Criterion 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Critical Time and Stress for Onset of Creep Fracture 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Critical Strain for First Cracks (or Fracture Failure) 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Apparent Activation Energy for First Cracks and Fracture 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.8 Kinetics of Creep Cracking 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Microstructure and Crack-Enhanced Elasto – Delayed-Elastic – Viscous Models \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Physics-Based Holistic Model Approach 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 On Transient Creep and the Shape of Creep Curves 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 On “Limiting Transient Creep Strain” (\u003ci\u003eε\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eT\u003c\/sub\u003e) 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 On the Traditions of Creep Testing and Shifting Paradigms 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Kinetics of Microcracking and Structural Damage 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Microcrack-Enhanced EDEV Model 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 EDEV-Based Algorithm for Constant Strain Rate, Encompassing Cracking 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 EDEV-Based Stress–Strain Diagrams 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Constant Stress, Crack-Enhanced Creep: EDEV Predictions 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Apparent Brittle–Ductile Transition in Constant Stress Creep 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Power-Law Breakdown for Minimum Creep Rate 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Grain-Size Effects on Creep with Crack Formation 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Creep Dilatation in Polycrystalline Columnar-Grained and Equiaxed Solids 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Crack Damage at Minimum Creep Rate and Upper Yield 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.6 Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Initial Deformation, Dilatancy, and Residual Strength 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Cyclic Fatigue 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Low-Cycle Constant Strain Rate Loading 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Low-Cycle, High-Strain Fatigue: Repeated Constant Load 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Crack Healing or Closure of w-Type Voids Generating r-Type Cavities 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Stress Relaxation at High Temperatures \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 The Role of Stress Relaxation Tests at High Temperatures 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Traditional SRTs 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Phenomenology of Stress Relaxation 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Capabilities and Inadequacies of SRT for Creep Estimation 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Rationalization of SRT Processes 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 SRT on Coarse-Grained Materials 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.6 New Approaches for Examining Applicability of SRT for Fine-Grained Materials 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.7 Grain-Size-Based Optimization of Initial Strain, \u003ci\u003eε\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c\/sub\u003e, for SRT 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Constitutive Equations without Effect of Grain Size 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Constitutive Equation for Uniaxial Creep at High Temperatures 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 SR Based on Constitutive Equation 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Type-A Engineering Prediction for SRT 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Temperature and Grain-Size Effects on SR 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 EDEV Constitutive Equation Incorporating Grain Size and Temperature 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 EDEV-Based SRT Algorithm for Grain-Size and Temperature Dependency 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Lack of Grain-Size-Dependent Data on Primary Creep of Engineering Materials 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Forecasting Grain-Size Effects on SR in Pure Ice Based on EDEV Equation 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Basis of Calculation for Ice 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Effect of Strain, \u003ci\u003eε\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c\/sub\u003e (Constant Temperature and Grain Size) 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Effect of Temperature (Constant Strain and Grain Size) 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Effect of Grain Size (Constant Strain and Temperature) 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Strain (\u003ci\u003eε\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c\/sub\u003e) Dependence of Strain Components (Constant Temperature and Grain Size) 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Grain-Size Effect on Strain Components During SRT (Constant Strain and Temperature) 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7 Comments on SRTs Related to Ice and Field Experience 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 High-Temperature Forming, Delayed Spring-Back, and Grain-Size Effects on SR in Metals 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Ice Age and Intraglacial Depression and Postglacial Rebound of Earth’s Crust \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e343\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Tectonic Plates, Lake Ice, and High-Temperature Materials: What Is the Connection? 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 On Glaciers and Oceanic Ice Cover: Past and Present 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Rise of Canada – Postglacial Uplift 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Postglacial Adjustments of North America’s Landscape 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Dow’s Lake Studies 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Dow’s Lake Ice Sheet: Crowd Load\/Unload During Winter of 1985 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Swimming Pool Loading Experiment on Dow’s Lake Ice in 1986 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Elasto – Delayed-Elastic (EDE) Theory for Plates 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Plate Tectonics and Polar Sea Ice \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e365\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Retrospective Introduction 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Earth and Plate Tectonics 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 On Sea Ice: Analog for Tectonic Plates 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Trinity of Tectonic Plates 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Trinity of Tectonic Plate Boundaries 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Scale of Observations 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Messengers of Earth Below and Sky Above 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Vertical Temperature Profiles of Earth and Ice Sheet 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Time–Temperature Shift Function 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Nonlinear, Grain-Size-Dependent Delayed Elasticity (Anelasticity) of Mantle 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Stress Field of Earth’s Crust 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Koyna and Warna Dams in India and Reservoir-Triggered Seismicity (RTS) 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Movement of Tectonic Plates, Indentation, and Fracture 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Looking Forward 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 401\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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