{"product_id":"engineering-acoustics-9781118496428","title":"Engineering Acoustics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eENGINEERING ACOUSTICS\u003cbr\u003e NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA masterful introduction to the theory of acoustics along with methods for the control of noise and vibration\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eEngineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control\u003c\/i\u003e, two experts in the field review the fundamentals of acoustics, noise, and vibration. The authors show how this theoretical work can be applied to real-world problems such as the control of noise and vibration in aircraft, automobiles and trucks, machinery, and road and rail vehicles. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEngineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control\u003c\/i\u003e covers a wide range of topics. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sixteen chapters include the following: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eHuman hearing and individual and community response to noise and vibration\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNoise and vibration instrumentation and measurements\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInterior and exterior noise of aircraft as well as road and rail vehicles\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMethods for the control of noise and vibration in industrial equipment and machinery\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Stationary Signals 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Nonstationary Signals 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Frequency Analysis 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Fourier Series 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Nonperiodic Functions and the Fourier Spectrum 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Random Noise 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Mean Square Values 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Energy and Power Spectral Densities 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Period, Frequency, and Phase 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Velocity and Acceleration 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Vibrating Systems 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Mass–Spring System 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Free Vibration – Undamped 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Forced Vibration – Undamped 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Effect of Damping 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Continuous Systems 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Vibration of Beams 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Vibration of Thin Plates 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Sound Generation and Propagation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Wave Motion 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Plane Sound Waves 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Sound Pressure 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Particle Velocity 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Impedance and Sound Intensity 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Energy Density 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Sound Power 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Decibels and Levels 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Sound Pressure Level 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Sound Power Level 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Sound Intensity Level 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Combination of Decibels 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Three-dimensional Wave Equation 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Sources of Sound 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Sound Intensity 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Sound Power of Sources 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Sound Power of Idealized Sound Sources 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Directivity 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Directivity Factor (\u003ci\u003eQ\u003c\/i\u003e(\u003ci\u003eθ\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eϕ\u003c\/i\u003e)) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Directivity Index 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Line Sources 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Ray Acoustics 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Energy Acoustics 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14.1 Reverberation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14.2 Sound Absorption 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14.3 Reverberation Time 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Room Equation 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15.1 Critical Distance 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15.2 Noise Reduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Standing Waves 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18 Waveguides 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19 Other Approaches 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19.1 Acoustical Lumped Elements 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19.2 Numerical Approaches: Finite Elements and Boundary Elements 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19.3 Acoustic Modeling Using Equivalent Circuits 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Construction of the Ear 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Working of the Ear Mechanism 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Theories of Hearing 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Subjective Response 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Hearing Envelope 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Loudness Measurement 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Masking 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Pitch 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Weighted Sound Pressure Levels 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Critical Bands 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.7 Frequency (Bark) 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8 Zwicker Loudness 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.9 Loudness Adaptation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.10 Empirical Loudness Meter 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders) 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Conduction Hearing Loss 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Sensory-Neural Hearing Loss 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Presbycusis 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Speech Production 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e125\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Sleep Disturbance 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Annoyance 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Cardiovascular Effects 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Cognitive Impairment 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Theories for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Impulsive and Impact Noise 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Occupational Noise Regulations 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Daily Noise Dose and Time-Weighted Average Calculation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Hearing Protection 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.1 Hearing Protectors 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.2 Hearing Conservation Programs 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Effects of Vibration on People 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.1 Acceleration Frequency Weightings 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.2 Whole-Body Vibration Dose Value 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.3 Evaluation of Hand-Transmitted Vibration 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Loudness and Annoyance 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Loudness and Loudness Level 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Noisiness 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Effective Perceived Noise Level 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Speech Interference Level 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Indoor Noise Criteria 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 NC Curves 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 NR Curves 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 RC Curves 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Balanced NC Curves 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Sound Exposure Level 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Day–Night Equivalent SPL 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Percentile SPLs 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1 Composite Noise Rating 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.2 Noise Exposure Forecast 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.3 Noise and Number Index 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.4 Equivalent A-Weighted SPL \u003ci\u003eL\u003c\/i\u003eeq, Day–Night Level \u003ci\u003eL\u003c\/i\u003edn, and Day–Evening–Night Level \u003ci\u003eL\u003c\/i\u003eden 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.1 Traffic Noise Index 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.2 Noise Pollution Level 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.3 Equivalent SPL 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Evaluation of Community Noise 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Human Response 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15.1 Sleep Interference 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15.2 Annoyance 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16.1 Noise Criteria 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17 Human Vibration Criteria 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17.1 Human Comfort in Buildings 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17.2 Effect of Vibration on Buildings 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Typical Measurement Systems 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Transducers 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Transducer Characteristics 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Sensitivity 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Dynamic Range 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Frequency Response 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Noise Measurements 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Types of Microphones for Noise Measurements 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Directivity 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Transducer Calibration 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Vibration Measurements 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Principle of Seismic Mass Transducers 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Piezoelectric Accelerometers 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Measurement Difficulties 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Calibration, Metrology, and Traceability of Shock and Vibration Transducers 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise And Vibration Measurements 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Signal Analysis and Data Processing 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Sound Level Meters (SLMs) and Dosimeters 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Sound Power and Sound Intensity 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Modal Analysis 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.5 Condition Monitoring 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.6 Advanced Noise and Vibration Analysis and Measurement Techniques 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Theoretical Background 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Active and Reactive Intensity 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Plane Progressive Waves 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Standing Waves 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Vibrating Piston in a Tube 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 The Monopole Source 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 The Dipole Source 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 General Case 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 The \u003ci\u003ep–p \u003c\/i\u003eMethod 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 The \u003ci\u003ep–u \u003c\/i\u003eMethod 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 The Surface Intensity Method 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Applications 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Sound Power Determination 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Noise Source Identification 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Noise Source Identification on a Diesel Engine Using Sound Intensity 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.4 Measurements of the Transmission Loss of Structures Using Sound Intensity 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Sound Intensity Method 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Sound Pressure Method 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Noise and Vibration Source Identification 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Noise Reduction Techniques 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Use of Vibration Isolators 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Theory of Vibration Isolation 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Machine Vibration 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Use of Inertia Blocks 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Other Considerations 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Use of Damping Materials 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Unconstrained Damping Layer 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Constrained Damping Layer 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Use of Sound Absorption 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Sound Absorption Coefficient 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Absorption by Porous Fibrous Materials 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Panel or Membrane Absorbers 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Helmholtz Resonator Absorbers 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Perforated Panel Absorbers 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7 Slit Absorbers 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8 Suspended Absorbers 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.9 Acoustical Spray-on Materials 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.10 Acoustical Plaster 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.11 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficients 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.12 Optimization of the Reverberation Time 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.13 Reduction of the Sound Pressure Level in Reverberant Fields 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Acoustical Enclosures 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Reverberant Sound Field Model for Enclosures 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Machine Enclosure in Free Field 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Simple Enclosure Design Assuming Diffuse Reverberant Sound Fields 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Close-Fitting Enclosures 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.5 Partial Enclosures 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.6 Other Considerations 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Use of Barriers 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Transmission Loss of Barriers 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Use of Barriers Indoors 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Reflections from the Ground 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4 Use of Barriers Outdoors 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Mufflers and Silencers – Absorbent and Reactive Types \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Muffler Classification 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Reactive Mufflers 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Transmission Line Theory 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 TL of Resonators 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 NACA 1192 Study on Reactive Muffler TL 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Transfer Matrix Theory 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Exhaust System Modeling 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Transmission Loss 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Insertion Loss 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.3 Sound Pressure Radiated from Tailpipe 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Tail Pipe Radiation 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Internal Combustion Engine Impedance and Source Strength 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Finite Element Analysis 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.2 Boundary Element Analysis 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.3 TL of Concentric Tube Resonators 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Reactive Muffler IL 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Measurements of Source Impedance 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.1 Embleton’s Method [8] 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.2 Ver’s Method [11, 12, 136] 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.3 Ingard’s Method [149] 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.4 Bies and Hansen Method [14] 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.5 Mechel’s Design Curves [152] 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.6 Ramakrishnan and Watson Curves [151] 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.7 Finite Element Approach for Attenuation of Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Noise and Vibration Control of Machines \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e427\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Gears 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Bearings 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Fans and Blowers 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Metal Cutting 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Woodworking 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Built-up Machines 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Internal Combustion Engines 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Electric Motors and Electrical Equipment 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Compressors 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Pumps 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Valve-Induced Noise 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Hydraulic System Noise 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Furnace and Burner Noise 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Machine Tool Noise, Vibration, and Chatter 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Sound Power Level for Industrial Machinery 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e465\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Mass-Law Transmission Loss 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Random Incidence Transmission Loss 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 The Coincidence Effect 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Sound Transmission Through Infinite Double Panels 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 London’s Theory 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Empirical Approach 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Introduction 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 SEA Fundamentals and Assumptions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Power Flow Between Coupled Systems 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Modal Behavior of Panel 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Use of SEA to Predict Sound Transmission Through Panels or Partitions 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 Design of Enclosures Using SEA 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.7 Optimization of Enclosure Attenuation 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.8 SEA Computer Codes 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Laboratory Methods of Measuring Transmission Loss 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Measurements of Transmission Loss in the Field 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Single-Number Ratings for Partitions 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Impact Sound Transmission 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Laboratory and Field Measurements of Impact Transmission 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.2 Rating of Impact Sound Transmission 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Measured Airborne and Impact Sound Transmission (Insulation) Data 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10.1 Gypsum Board Walls 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10.2 Masonry Walls 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10.3 Airborne and Impact Insulation of Floors 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10.4 Doors and Windows 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Sound Insulation Requirements 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Control of Vibration of Buildings Caused by Strong Wind 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.1 Wind Excitation of Buildings 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.2 Structural Vibration Response of Buildings and Towers 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.3 Methods of Building Structure Vibration Reduction and Control 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.4 Human Response to Vibration and Acceptability Criteria 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Design of Air-conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e557\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 General Features of a Ventilation System 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 HVAC Systems in Residential Homes 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 HVAC Systems in Large Buildings 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Correct and Incorrect Installation of HVAC Systems 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Sources of Noise and Causes of Complaints in HVAC Systems 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Fan Noise 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Types of Fans Used in HVAC Systems 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Blade passing Frequency (BPF) 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Fan Efficiency 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Sound Power and Frequency Content of Fans 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 Sound Power Levels of Fans and Predictions 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.6 Prediction of Fan Sound Power Level 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.7 Importance of Proper Installation of Centrifugal Fans 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.8 Terminal Units (CAV, VAV, and Fan-Powered VAV Boxes) 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Space Planning 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Use of Floating Floors 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Vibration Control of Equipment 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Selection of Vibration Isolators 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.4 Vibration Isolation of Ducts, Pipes, and Wiring 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Use of Fiberglass in Plenum Chambers, Mufflers, and HVAC Ducts 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Attenuation of Plenum Chambers 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.3 Duct Attenuation 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.4 Sound Attenuators (Silencers) 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.5 Branches and Power Splits 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.6 Attenuation Due to End Reflection 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.7 Attenuation by Miter Bends 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 Elbow Noise 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Take-off Noise 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.3 Grille Noise 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.4 Diffuser Noise 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.5 Damper Noise 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Radiated Noise 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 Duct-Radiated Noise 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 Sound Breakout and Breakin From Ducts 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.3 Mixing Box Radiated Noise 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.4 Radiation From Fan Plenum Walls 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.5 Overall Sound Pressure Level Prediction 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e633\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Power Plant Noise and Its Control 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Intake and Exhaust Noise and Muffler Design 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Tire\/Road Noise Sources and Control 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Aerodynamic Noise Sources on Vehicles 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Gearbox Noise and Vibration 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.6 Brake Noise Prediction and Control 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Automobiles and Trucks 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Off-Road Vehicles 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Wheel–Rail Interaction Noise 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Interior Rail Vehicle Cabin Noise 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e661\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Passive Noise and Vibration Control 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Active Noise and Vibration Control 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Airport Noise Control 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Noise Control at the Source 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Airport-specific Noise Control Measures 670\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Community Noise and Vibration Sources \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e677\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Traffic Noise Sources 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Rail System Noise Sources 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Ground-Borne Vibration Transmission from Road and Rail Systems 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Aircraft and Airport Noise Prediction and Control 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Off-road Vehicle and Construction Equipment Exterior Noise Prediction and Control 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.6 Industrial and Commercial Noise in the Community 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.7 Construction and Building Site Noise 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Attenuation Provided by Barriers, Earth Berms, Buildings, and Vegetation 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Base Isolation of Buildings for Control of Ground-Borne Vibration 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Noise Control Using Porous Road Surfaces 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Community Noise Ordinances 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Recommendations for Urban Projects 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Strategic Noise Maps 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.4 Soundscapes 698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 737\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons 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