{"product_id":"energy-efficient-manufacturing-9781118423844","title":"Energy Efficient Manufacturing","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver the last several years, manufacturers have expressed increasing interest in reducing their energy consumption and have begun to search for opportunities to reduce their energy usage. In this book, the authors explore a variety of opportunities to reduce the energy footprint of manufacturing. These opportunities cover the entire spatial scale of the manufacturing enterprise: from unit process-oriented approaches to enterprise-level strategies. Each chapter examines some aspect of this spatial scale, and discusses and describes the opportunities that exist at that level. Case studies demonstrate how the opportunity may be acted on with practical guidance on how to respond to these opportunities.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Energy Efficient Manufacturing 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarbara S. Linke and John W. Sutherland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Energy Use Implications 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Drivers and Solutions for Energy Efficiency 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Operation Planning \u0026amp; Monitoring 11\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eY.B. Guo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Unit Manufacturing Processes 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of Unit Manufacturing Process 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Energy Consumption in Unit Manufacturing Process 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Basic Concepts of Energy, Power, and Work 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Framework of Energy Consumption 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Operation Plan Relevance to Energy Consumption 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Energy Accounting in Unit Manufacturing Processes 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Processing Energy in Unit Manufacturing Process 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Cases of Processing Energy Modeling 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1.1 Forging 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1.2 Orthogonal Cutting 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1.3 Grinding 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1.4 Specific Energy vs. MRR 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Energy Measurement 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Energy Reduction Opportunities 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Shortening Process Chain by Hard Machining 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Substitution of Process Steps 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Hybrid processes 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Adaptation of Cooling and Flushing Strategies 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.5 Remanufacturing 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Materials Processing 33\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKarl R. Haapala, Sundar V. Atre, Ravi Enneti, Ian C. Garretson and Hao Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Steel 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Steelmaking Technology 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Aluminum 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Aluminum Alloying 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 History of Aluminum Processing 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Aluminum in Commerce 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Aluminum Processing 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Bayer Process 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Preparation of Carbon 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.7 Hall-Heroult Electrolytic Process 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Titanium 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Titanium Alloying 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 History of Titanium Processing 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Titanium in Commerce 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Titanium Processing Methods 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Sulfate Process 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Chloride Process 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.7 Hunter Process and Kroll Process 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.8 Remelting Processes 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.9 Emerging Titanium Processing Technologies 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Polymers 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Life Cycle Environmental and Cost Assessment 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 An Application of Polymer-Powder Processes 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Energy Reduction in Manufacturing via Incremental Forming and Surface Microtexturing 65\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJian Cao and Rajiv Malhotra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Incremental Forming 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Conventional Forming Processes 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Energy Reduction via Incremental Forming 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Challenges in Incremental Forming 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3.1 Toolpath Planning for Enhanced Geometric Accuracy and Process Flexibility 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3.2 Formability Prediction and Deformation Mechanics 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3.3 Process Innovation and Materials Capability in DSIF 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3.4 Future Challenges in Incremental Forming 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Surface Microtexturing 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Energy Based Applications of Surface Microtexturing 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.1 Microtexturing for Friction Reduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.2 Microtexturing Methods 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.3 Future Work in Microtexturing 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Summary 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Acknowledgement 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 An Analysis of Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency in Material Removal Processes 123\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTao Lu and I.S. Jawahir\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Overview 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Plant and Workstation Levels 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Operation Level 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Process Optimization for Energy Consumption 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Plant Level and Workstation Level 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Operation Level 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.1 Turning Operation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.2 Milling Operation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.3 Drilling Operation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.4 Grinding Operation 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusions 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Nontraditional Removal Processes 159\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMurali Sundaram and K.P. Rajurkar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Working Principle 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 Electrical Discharge Machining 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Electrochemical Machining 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.3 Electrochemical Discharge Machining 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.4 Electrochemical Grinding 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Energy Efficiency 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Surface Treatment and Tribological Considerations 169\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS.R. Schmid and J. Jeswiet\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Surface Treatment Techniques 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Surface Geometry Modification 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Microstructural Modification 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Chemical Approaches 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Coating Operations 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Hard Facing 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Vapor Deposition 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Miscellaneous Coating Operations 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Tribology 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Evolving Technologies 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Biomimetics – Biologically Inspired Design 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Micro Manufacturing 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Joining Processes 197\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAmber Shrivastava, Manuela Krones and Frank E. Pfefferkorn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Sustainability in Joining 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Taxonomy 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Data Sources 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Efficiency of Joining Equipment 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Efficiency of Joining Processes 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Fusion Welding 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Chemical Joining Methods 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Solid-State Welding 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Mechanical Joining Methods 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4.1 Mechanical Fastening 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4.2 Adhesive Bonding 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Process Selection 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Efficiency of Joining Facilities 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Case Studies 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.2 Friction Stir Welding (FSW) 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Manufacturing Equipment 239\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. Helu, N. Diaz-Elsayed and D. Dornfeld\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Power Measurement 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Characterizing the Power Demand 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Constant Power 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Variable Power 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Processing Power 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Energy Model 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Life Cycle Energy Analysis of Production Equipment 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Energy Reduction Strategies 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Strategies for Equipment with High Processing Power 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Strategies for Equipment with High Tare Power 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2.1 Process Time 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2.2 Machine Design 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Additional Life Cycle Impacts of Energy Reduction Strategies 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Summary 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Energy Considerations in Assembly Operations 261\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCamelio, J.A., McCullough, D., Prosch, S. and Rickli, J.L.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction to Assembly Systems \u0026amp; Operations 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Fundamentals of Assembly Operations 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Characterizing Assembly System Energy Consumption 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Indirect Energy 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Direct Energy 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Direct Energy Considerations of Assembly Joining Processes 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Mechanical Assembly 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Adhesive Bonding 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Assembly System Energy Metrics 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Case Study: Heavy Duty Truck Assembly 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Case Study Energy Consumption Analysis Approach 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Assembly Process Categorization 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Case Study Energy Analysis Results 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Discussion and Recommendations 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Future of Energy Efficient Assembly Operations 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 10.A 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Manufacturing Facility Energy Improvement 299\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChris Yuan, Junling Xie and John Nicol\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Auxiliary Industrial Energy Consumptions 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Lighting 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.1 Lighting Technologies 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.2 Opportunities for Improving Energy Efficiency of Industrial Lighting 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 HVAC 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 HVAC Systems 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 HVAC Energy Efficiency Opportunities 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Compressed Air 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.1 Compressed Air Technologies 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.2 Improving Energy Efficiency of Air Compressors 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Industrial Practices on Energy Assessment and Energy Efficiency Improvement 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Types of Energy Assessments 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Energy Assessment Procedures 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Energy Management and its Enhancement Approaches 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Energy Management Description and Benefits 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Establishing an Energy Management Approach 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.1 ISO 50001 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusions 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Energy Efficient Manufacturing Process Planning 339\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRuixueYin, Fu Zhao and John W. Sutherland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 The Basics of Process Planning 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Types of Production 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Process Planning Procedure 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Process Planning Methods 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Energy Efficient Process Planning 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint Models of Manufacturing Processes 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 A Semi-Generative Process Planning Approach for Energy Efficiency 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Case Study 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusions 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Scheduling for Energy Efficient Manufacturing 359\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNelson A. Uhan, Andrew Liu and Fu Zhao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 A Brief Introduction to Scheduling 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Machine Environments 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Job Characteristics 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Feasible Schedules and Gantt Charts 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Objective Functions: Classic Time-Based Objectives 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Machine Environments 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Job Characteristics 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 A Very Brief Introduction to Mathematical Optimization 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 A Time-Indexed Integer Linear Program for the Energy-Efficient Flow Shop Problem 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Algorithms for Solving Integer Linear Programs 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion and Additional Reading 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Energy Efficiency in the Supply Chain 381\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas J. Goldsby and Fazleena Badurdeen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Supply Chain Management 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Supply Chain Structure 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Supply Chain Processes 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Customer Relationship Management 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Supplier Relationship Management 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Customer Service Management 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Demand Management 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Manufacturing Flow Management 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Order Fulfillment 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.7 Product Development and Commercialization 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.8 Returns Management 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Supply Chain Management Components 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusion 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnotes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Business Models and Organizational Strategies 401\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eOmar Romero-Hernandez, David Hirsch, Sergio Romero and Sara Beckman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Reference Framework for Selection of Energy Efficiency Projects 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Mission and Drivers 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Set Level of Assessment 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Recognize Opportunities and Risk 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Select Projects 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.5 Implementation and Communication 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Common Energy Efficiency Opportunities 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Building Envelope 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Efficient Lighting 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Efficient Motors and Systems 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Building Management Systems 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Stakeholders 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Tenants and Owners 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Regulators 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Banks\/Lenders 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.5 Business Models 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusions 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Energy Efficient or Energy Effective Manufacturing? 421\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. A. Shade and J. W. Sutherland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Energy Efficiency: A Macro Perspective 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Government Perspective 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Company Perspective 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Basics of Energy Efficiency 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Limitations of Energy Efficiency 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Energy Effectiveness 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Effectiveness – It’s Up to the Decision Maker 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Effectiveness – A Choice on Where to Invest 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Effectiveness – Is An Action Really Worthwhile? 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Summary 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Acknowledgments 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 445\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406867276119,"sku":"9781118423844","price":168.26,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118423844.jpg?v=1730497387","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/energy-efficient-manufacturing-9781118423844","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}