{"product_id":"emerging-photovoltaic-materials-9781119407546","title":"Emerging Photovoltaic Materials","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book covers the recent advances in photovoltaics materials and their innovative applications. Many materials science problems are encountered in understanding existing solar cells and the development of more efficient, less costly, and more stable cells. This important and timely book provides a historical overview, but concentrates primarily on the exciting developments in the last decade. It includes organic and perovskite solar cells, photovoltaics in ferroelectric materials, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite, materials with improved photovoltaic efficiencies as well as the full range of semiconductor materials for solar-to-electricity conversion, from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide selenides, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and environmentally-friendly copper zinc tin sulfide selenides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1 Silicon Photovoltaics 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Emergence of Continuous Czochralski (CCZ) Growth for Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaics 3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSantosh K. Kurinec, Charles Bopp and Han Xu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 The Czochralski (CZ) Process 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Continuous Czochralski Process (CCZ) 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Continuous Czochralski Process Implementations 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Solar Cells Fabricated Using CCZ Ingots 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 n-Type Mono-Si High-Efficiency Cells 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Gallium-Doped p-Type Silicon Solar Cells 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusions 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Materials Chemistry and Physics for Low-Cost Silicon Photovoltaics 23\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTingting Jiang and George Z. Chen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Crystalline Silicon in Traditional\/Classic Solar Cells 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cell 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Efficiency Loss in Silicon Solar Cell 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 New Strategies for the Silicon Solar Cell 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Low-Cost Crystalline Silicon 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Metallurgical Silicon 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 Properties of Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 Production of Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 Development of Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Solar Cells 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 High-Performance Multicrystalline Silicon 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.1 Crystal Growth 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.2 Material Properties of High-Performance Multicrystalline Silicon 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.3 Solar Cell Based on High-Performance Multicrystalline Silicon 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Advanced p-Type Silicon—in Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Passivated Emitter Solar Cells 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.1 Passivated Emitter Solar Cell (PESC) 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.2 Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.3 Passivated Emitter, Rear Locally Diffused Solar Cells 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1.4 Passivated Emitter, Rear Totally Diffused Solar Cells 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Surface Passivation 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Advanced n-Type Silicon 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) Solar Cell 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Silicon Heterojunction (SHJ) Solar Cells 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.1 The Device Structure and the Advantages of HIT Solar Cells 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.2 Strategies of Achieving High-Efficiency HIT Solar Cell 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Recycling Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules 61\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePablo Dias and Hugo Veit\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Photovoltaic Modules 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 First-Generation Photovoltaic Modules 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Recyclability of Waste Photovoltaic Modules 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Frame 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Superstrate (Front Glass) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Metallic Filaments (Busbars) 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Photovoltaic Cell 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Polymers 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Recyclability Summary 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Separation and Recovery of Materials The Recycling Process 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Mechanical and Physical Processes 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.1 Shredding 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.2 Sieving 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.3 Density Separation 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.4 Manual Separation 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.5 Electrostatic Separation 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Thermal Processes—Polymers 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Separation Using Organic Solvents 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Pyrometallurgy 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Hydrometallurgy 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Electrometallurgy 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 New Trends in the Recycling Processes 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2 Emerging Photovoltaic Materials 103\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Photovoltaics in Ferroelectric Materials Origin, Challenges and Opportunities 105\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles Paillard, Grégory Geneste, Laurent Bellaiche, Jens Kreisel, Marvin Alexe and Brahim Dkhil\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Physics of the Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectrics 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Conventional Photovoltaic Technologies 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.1 The p–n Junction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.2 The Shockley–Queisser Limit 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Mechanisms of the Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectric Materials 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.1 The Bulk Photovoltaic Effect 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.2 Barrier Effects 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Opportunities and Challenges of Photoferroelectrics 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 To Switch or not to Switch 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.1 Switchability 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.2 Influence of Defects 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 The Bandgap Problem 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Application of Light-Induced Effects in Ferroelectrics Beyond Solar Cells 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.1 Photovoltaics and ICTs 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.2 Photo-Induced Strain Toward Optically Controlled Actuators 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.3 Photochemistry for Clean Energy and Environment 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Conclusions 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Tin-Based Novel Cubic Chalcogenides A New Paradigm for Photovoltaic Research 141\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSajid Ur Rehman, Faheem K. Butt, Zeeshan Tariq and Chuanbo Li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Cubic Tin Sulfide (π-SnS) 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Application π-SnS in Solar Cells 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Application of π-SnS in Optical Devices 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Cubic Tin Selenide (π-SnSe) 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Application of π-SnSe in Solar Cells 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Application of π-SnSe in Optical Devices 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Cubic Tin Telluride (π-SnTe) 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Application of π-SnTe in Optical Devices 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusion 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Insights into the Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic Activity of Cu-, Al-, and Tm-Doped TiO2 165\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAntonio Sánchez-Coronilla, Javier Navas, Elisa I. Martín, Teresa Aguilar, Juan Jesús Gallardo, Desireé de los Santos, Rodrigo Alcántara and Concha Fernández-Lorenzo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Materials and Methods 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Experimental 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Computational Framework 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Cu-TiO2 Doping 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Photovoltaics of the DSSCs 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Al-TiO2 Doping 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Tm-TiO2 Doping 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Photovoltaic Characterization 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Photocatalytic Activity 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusions 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Theory of the Photovoltaic and Light-Induced Effects in Multiferroics 195\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBruno Mettout and Pierre Tolédano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Insufficiency of the Traditional Approach to the Bulk Photovoltaic Effect 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Theoretical Approach to the Photovoltaic and Light-Induced Effects 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Response Functions under Linearly Polarized Light 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Mean Symmetry of the Light Beam 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Response Functions 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 Achiral and Nonmagnetic Materials 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.2 Chiral and Magnetic Materials 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Selection Procedures 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 External Selection 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Internal Selection 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Application of the Theory to the Photovoltaic and Photo-Induced Effects in LiNbO3 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Second-Order Photovoltaic Effect 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Photovoltaic Effects in LiNbO3 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Optical Rectification, Photomagnetic, and Photo-Toroidal First-Order Effects 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 First-Order Photoelastic and Photo-Magnetoelectric Effects 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Magnetoelectric, Photovoltaic, and Magneto-Photovoltaic Effects in KBiFe2O5 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Magnetoelectric Effects in KBiFe2O5 in Absence of Illumination 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Photovoltaic and Magneto-Photovoltaic Effects in KBiFe2O5 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Photo-Magnetoelectric and Magneto-Photovoltaic Effects in BiFeO3 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Photo-Magnetoelectric Effects 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Photovoltaic Effects in BiFeO3 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Magneto-Photovoltaic Effects in BiFeO3 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Photorefractive and Photo-Hall Effects in Tungsten Bronzes 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 The Photorefractive Effect 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 The Photo-Hall Effect 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Summary and Conclusion 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Multication Transparent Conducting Oxides: Tunable Materials for Photovoltaic Applications 239\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePeediyekkal Jayaram\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Multication Film Growth and Analysis 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Structural Analysis 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Raman Spectra 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Surface Morphology (AFM) 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Optical Properties UV-Vis Transmittance Spectra 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Electrical Properties 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Conclusion 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3 Perovskite Solar Cells 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Perovskite Solar Cells Promises and Challenges 263\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQiong Wang and Antonio Abate\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 The Scientific and Technological Background 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 The Share of Silicon Solar Cells and Thin Film Solar Cells in Photovoltaic Market 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 The Bottleneck of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Organic Solar Cells 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 From a Cost-Effective Alternative to the Highly Efficient Solution 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Fast Development of PSCs 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 The Fundamental Optoelectronic Properties of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Materials 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1.1 Optical Properties 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1.2 Electronic Properties 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Composition Adjustment of Perovskite 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.1 Mixed Halides 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.2 Multi-Cations 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.3 Phase Segregation 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Versatile Deposition Methods of Perovskite Film 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3.1 Solution-Processed Methods 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3.2 Vapor Deposition Methods 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Charge Selective Contacts in PSCs 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.1 Electron Selective Contacts 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.2 Hole Selective Contacts 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Evaluation of PSCs 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5.1 J–V curve 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 The Systematic Understanding of PSCs 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.1 Moisture Vulnerability of Perovskite Materials 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.2 The Role of Grain Boundaries 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.3 Ion Migration and Hysteresis 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.4 Interface\/Bulk Defects and Passivation 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7 PSCs in a Tandem 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7.1 Structures of Perovskite Tandem Cells 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7.2 Transparent Contacts and Recombination Contacts 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Remaining Challenges and Prospects of PSCs 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Lead-Free PSCs 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Stable and Cheap Contact Materials 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Strategies toward Stable PSCs 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.1 Against Moisture 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.2 Against UV Light 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.3 Against Heat 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Large-Area Production of Highly Efficient PSCs 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite, CH3NH3PbI3 Modifications in Pb Sites from Experimental and Theoretical Perspectives 357\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJavier Navas, Antonio Sánchez-Coronilla, Juan Jesús Gallardo, Jose Carlos Piñero, Teresa Aguilar, Elisa I. Martín, Rodrigo Alcántara, Concha Fernández-Lorenzo and Joaquin Martín-Calleja\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Low Doping on Pb Sites 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Materials and Methods 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 Experimental 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 Computational Details 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Properties of the Perovskite Prepared 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 XRD 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.4 SEM and Cathodoluminescence 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Theoretical Analysis 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.1 Structure and Local Geometry 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.2 DOS and PDOS Analysis 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.3 ELF Analysis 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 High Doping on Pb Sites 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Properties of the Perovskite Prepared 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.1 XRD 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.2 Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Theoretical Analysis 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.1 Structure and Local Geometry 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.2 Electron Localization Function 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2.3 DOS and PDOS Analysis 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusions 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 4 Organic Solar Cells 401\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Increasing the Dielectric Constant of Organic Materials for Photovoltaics 403\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eViktor Ivasyshyn, Gang Ye, Sylvia Rousseva, Jan C. Hummelen and Ryan C. Chiechi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Increasing the Dielectric Constant 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Methodology of Dielectric Constant Measurement 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 High Dielectric Constant Materials 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 High Dielectric Constant Donor Materials 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 High Dielectric Constant Acceptor Materials 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Conclusions and Outlook 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Recent Developments in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Potential Applications 443\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDevender Singh, Raman Kumar Saini and Shri Bhagwan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Solar Energy and Solar Cells 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Types of Solar Cells 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 First-Generation Photovoltaic Cells 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Silicon Single-Crystal-Based Solar Cells 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Based Solar Cells 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.3 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)-Based Solar Cells 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cells 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)-Based Solar Cells 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)-Based Solar Cells 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.3 Copper Indium Diselenide (CuInSe2, or CIS)- Based Solar Cells 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Third-Generation Photovoltaic Cells 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.1 Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) and (Its Derivatives) CZTSSe and CZTSe Solar Cells 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.2 Organic Solar Cells 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.4 Quantum Dot Solar Cell 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Operation of DSSCs 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Working System of DSSCs 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Fabrication of DSSCs 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Substrate Selection and Preparation 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.1 Cutting of the Substrate 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.2 Cleaning of the Substrate 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1.3 Masking of the Substrate 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Film Deposition on Substrate 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.1 Preparation of TiO2 Paste 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2.2 Depositing the TiO2 Layer on the Glass Plate 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Dye Impregnation on the Electrode 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Preparation of Counter Electrode 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Various Materials Used as Essential Components of DSSCs 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Transparent Conducting Substrate 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Photoelectrodes 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.1 Titanium Oxide (TiO2) 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.3 Niobium Pentoxide (Nb2O5) 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.4 Ternary Photoelectrode Materials 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2.5 Other Metal Oxides 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Photosensitizers 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3.1 Metal Complexes as Sensitizers 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Electrolytes 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4.1 Liquid Electrolytes 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4.2 Solid-State Electrolytes 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4.3 Quasi-Solid Electrolyte 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5 Counter Electrodes 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.1 Platinized Conducting Glass 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.2 Carbon Materials 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.3 Conducting Polymers 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Advantages and Applications of DSSC 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Future Prospect of DSSC 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Conclusions 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Heterojunction Energetics and Open-Circuit Voltages of Organic Photovoltaic Cells 487\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePeicheng Li and Zheng-Hong Lu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Energy Level Alignment at Heterojunction Interfaces 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Schottky Barrier, Interfacial Dipole, and Slope Parameter 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Interfacial Dipole Theory 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Mapping Energy Level Alignment at Heterojunction Interface 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Open-Circuit Voltage of Organic Photovoltaic Cell 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Two-Diode Model 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Quasi Fermi Level Model 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Chemical Equilibrium Model 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Kinetic Hopping Model 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Materials and Organic Semiconductors in Photovoltaic Devices 511\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrey Kosarev, Ismael Cosme, Svetlana Mansurova, Dmitriy Andronikov, Alexey Abramov and Eugeny Terukov\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Experimental 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Fabrication of PECVD Materials 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Fabrication of Organic Materials 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Configurations and Fabrication of Device Structures 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Characterization of Materials 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Characterization of Device Structures 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Material Results 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Structure and Composition 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Optical Properties 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Electrical Properties 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Results for Devices 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Devices Based on PECVD Materials 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Devices Based on Organic Materials 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Hybrid Devices Based on PECVD-Polymer Materials 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Hybrid Devices Using Crystalline Semicinductors, Non-Crystalline PECVD, and Organic Materials (HJT-OS Structures) 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Outlook 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 5 Nano-Photovoltaics 551\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Third-Generation Solar Cells 553\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLePing Yu, Munkhbayar Batmunkh, Cameron Shearer and Joseph G. Shapter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Energy Issues and Potential Solutions 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Categories of Photovoltaic Devices and Their Development 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Transparent Conducting Electrodes (TCEs) 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 ITO and FTO 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 CNTs for TCEs 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 CNTs-TCFs for DSSCs 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Semiconducting Layers 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.1 Nanostructured TiO2 Materials 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.2 Semiconducting Layers with CNTs 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Catalyst Layers 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3.1 Platinum (Pt) and Other Catalysts 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 CNTs in Perovskite Solar Cells 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Carbon Nanotube–Silicon (CNT–Si) or Nanotube–Silicon Heterojunction (NSH) Solar Cells 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Working Mechanism 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Development of Si-CNT Devices 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Origin of Photocurrent 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Effect of the Number of CNT Walls 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5 Effect of the Electronic Type of CNTs 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.6 Effect of CNT Alignment in the Electrode 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.7 Effect of the Transmittance\/Thickness of CNT Films 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.8 Effect of Doping 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.9 Intentional Addition of Silicon Oxide Layer 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.10 Enhancement of Light Absorption 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.11 Application of Conductive Polymers 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.12 Discussion 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Outlook and Conclusion 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Quantum Dot Solar Cells 611\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiaoli Zhao, Chengjie Xiang, Ming Huang, Mei Ding, Chuankun Jia and Lidong Sun\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Quantum Dots and Their Properties 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Fundamental Concepts 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Size-Dependent Quantum Confinement Effect 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Multiple Exciton Generation Effect 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 The Kondo Effect 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.5 Applications 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Synthetic Methods for Quantum Dots 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Hot Injection 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.1 Theoretical Evaluation of Nucleation and Growth 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.2 Influence Factors 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.3 Features 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Chemical Bath Deposition 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.1 Theoretical Evaluation of the CBD Method 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.2 Influence Factors 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.3 Features 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3.1 Theoretical Evaluation of SILAR Method 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3.2 Influence Factors 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3.3 Features 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Quantum Dot Solar Cells 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Schottky Junction Solar Cells 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.1 Device Structure 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.2 Preparation Route 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.3 Materials Selection 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.4 Photovoltaic Performance 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Depleted Heterojunction Solar Cells 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.1 Device Structure 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.2 Preparation Route 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.3 Materials Selection 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.4 Photovoltaic Performance 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.1 Device Structure 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.2 Preparation Route 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.3 Materials Selection 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3.4 Photovoltaic Performance 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Challenges and Perspectives 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Near-Infrared Responsive Quantum Dot Photovoltaics Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives 659\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRu Zhou, Jun Xu and Jinzhang Xu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Multiple Exciton Generation 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Quantum Size Effect 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Other Features 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Materials and Film Processing 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 In Situ Strategy 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Ex Situ Strategy 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 A Comparison between In Situ and Ex Situ 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 NIR Responsive QDs and Photovoltaic Performance 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Binary Lead Chalcogenides 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Binary Silver Chalcogenides 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Ternary Indium-Based Chalcogenides 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Ternary and Quaternary Alloyed Compounds 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Strategies for Performance Enhancement 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Light Management 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.1 Nanophotonic Structuring 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.2 Plasmonic Enhancement 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Carrier Management 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2.1 Band Structure Tailoring 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2.2 Surface Engineering 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2.3 Charge Collection Optimizing 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 New Concept Solar Cells 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Multiple-Junction CQD Solar Cells 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.2 Flexible Solar Cells 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.3 Semitransparent Solar Cells 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.4 QD\/Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 6 Concentrator Photovoltaics and Analysis Models 719\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Dense-Array Concentrator Photovoltaic System 721\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKok-Keong Chong, Chee-Woon Wong, Tiong-Keat Yew, Ming-Hui Tan and Woei-Chong Tan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Primary Concentrator Non-Imaging Dish Concentrator 722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Geometry of Non-Imaging Dish Concentrator (NIDC) 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Methodology of Designing NIDC Geometry 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Coordinate Transformation of Facet Mirror 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Computational Algorithm 730\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Secondary Concentrator    An Array of Crossed Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CCPC) Lenses 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Concentrator Photovoltaic Module 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Prototype of Dense-Array Concentrator Photovoltaic System (DACPV) 742\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Optical Efficiency of the CCPC Lens 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Experimental Study of Electrical Performance 750\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.1 Current Measurement Circuit 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Cost Estimation of the Dense-Array Concentrator Photovoltaic System Using Two-Stage Non-Imaging Concentrators 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Conclusion 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 760\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Solar Radiation Analysis Model and PVsyst Simulation for Photovoltaic System Design 763\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFigen Balo and Lutfu S. Sua\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 764\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1 Solar Energy in Turkey 764\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.2 Climate, Solar Energy Potential, and Electric Production in Erzincan 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Data Analysis Model for Solar Radiation Intensity Calculation 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Horizontal Surface 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1.1 Daily Total Solar Radiation 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1.2 Daily Diffuse Solar Radiation 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1.3 Momentary Total Solar Radiation 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1.4 Momentary Diffuse and Direct Solar Radiation 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Calculating Solar Radiation Intensity on Inclined Surface 770\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.1 Momentary Direct Solar Radiation 770\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.2 Momentary Diffuse Solar Radiation 770\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.3 Reflecting Momentary Solar Radiation 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.4 Total Momentary Solar Radiation 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Data Analysis and Discussion 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 PVsyst Simulation for the Solar Farm System Design 777\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Methodology 777\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Findings Obtained with PVsyst Simulation 781\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusions 783\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 784\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 787\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407047434583,"sku":"9781119407546","price":217.76,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119407546.jpg?v=1730497994","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/emerging-photovoltaic-materials-9781119407546","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}