{"product_id":"electromagnetic-computation-methods-for-lightning-surge-protection-studies-9781118275634","title":"Electromagnetic Computation Methods for Lightning","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePresents current research into electromagnetic computation theories with particular emphasis on Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method  This book is the first to consolidate current research and to examine the theories of electromagnetic computation methods in relation to lightning surge protection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.1 Historical Overview of Lightning Electromagnetic-Field and Surge Computations 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Overview of Existing Electromagnetic Computation Methods 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Method of Moments 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Partial-Element Equivalent-Circuit Method 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Finite-Element Method 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Transmission Line Modeling Method 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Constrained Interpolation Profile Method 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Finite-Difference Time Domain Method 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Summary 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Lightning 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Thundercloud 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Formation of Thunderclouds 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Mechanism of Cloud Electrification 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Lightning Discharges 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Categories of Lightning Discharges 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Classification of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharges 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Downward Negative Lightning Discharges to Ground 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Positive Lightning Discharges 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Upward Lightning Discharges 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Rocket-Triggered Lightning Discharges 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Lightning Electromagnetic Fields 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Measured Lightning Return-Stroke Electromagnetic Fields 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Mathematical Expressions for Calculating Electric and Magnetic Fields 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Lightning Surges 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Surges Due to Direct Lightning Strike 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Surges Induced by a Nearby Lightning Strike 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Surges Coming from Grounding Due to Its Potential Rise 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Lightning Surge Protection 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Insulation Coordination 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Protection against Direct Lightning Strikes 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Back-Flashover Phenomena 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Lightning Surge Protection Measures 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Summary 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Finite-Difference Time Domain Method for Solving Maxwell'\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003es Equations 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Finite-Difference Expressions of Maxwell's Equations 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 3D Cartesian Coordinate System 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 2D Cylindrical Coordinate System 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Subgridding Technique 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Representation of Lumped Sources and Lumped Circuit Elements 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Lumped Voltage Source 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Lumped Current Source 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Lumped Resistance 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Lumped Inductance 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Lumped Capacitance 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Representation of Thin Wire 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Representation of Lightning Return-Stroke Channel 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Lightning Return-Stroke Channel 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Excitations 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Representation of Surge Arresters 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Summary 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Applications to Lightning Surge Protection Studies 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Overview 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Lightning Electromagnetic Fields at Close and Far Distances 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Lightning Surges on Overhead Power TL Conductors and Towers 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Lightning Surges on Overhead Distribution and Telecommunication Lines 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Lightning Electromagnetic Environment in Power Substations 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.6 Lightning Surges in Wind-Turbine-Generator Towers 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.7 Lightning Surges in Photovoltaic Arrays 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.8 Lightning Electromagnetic Environment in Electric Vehicles 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.9 Lightning Electromagnetic Environment in Airborne Vehicles 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.10 Lightning Surges and the Electromagnetic Environment in Buildings 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.11 Surges on Grounding Electrodes 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Electromagnetic Fields at the Top of a Tall Building Associated with Nearby Lightning Return Strokes 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Introduction 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Methodology 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Analysis and Results 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Summary 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Appendix: Comparison of Fields in the Absence of a Building Computed Using the FDTD Method and Thottappillil et al.'s (2001) Analytical Expressions 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Appendix: Enhancement Factors Due to the Presence of Hemisphere or Rectangular Building in a Uniform Static Electric Field 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Influence of Strike Object Grounding on Close Lightning Electric Fields 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Introduction 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Methodology 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Analysis and Results 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Discussion 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Summary 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Appendix: Comparison of Fields Due to a Lightning Strike to Flat Ground Calculated Using the FDTD Method in the 2D Cylindrical Coordinate System and Thottappillil et al.'s (2001) Analytical Expressions 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Simulation of Corona at Lightning-Triggering Wire: Current, Charge Transfer, and Field Reduction Effect 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 General Approach 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Model 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Analysis and Results 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Discussion 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.6 Summary 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.7 Appendix: Geometry of a Wire Corona Sheath 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 On the Interpretation of Ground Reflections Observed in Small-Scale Experiments Simulating Lightning Strikes to Towers 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Introduction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Current Pulses Propagating along a Conical Conductor Excited at Its Apex or Base 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 FDTD Simulation of Small-Scale Experiments 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Interpretation of Ground Reflections Arriving at the Tower Top 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 TL Representation of a Tall Object on the Ground Plane 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.6 Summary 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.7 Appendix: FDTD Representation of Tower Models 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 On the Mechanism of Attenuation of Current Waves Propagating along a Vertical Perfectly Conducting Wire above Ground: Application to Lightning 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Introduction 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Incident Current (Iinc), Incident E-field (Einc): Analytical Solution 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Total Current (Itot), Total E-field (Etot): Numerical Solution 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Scattered Current (Iscat), Scattered E-field (Escat): Iscat = Itot − Iinc, Escat = −Einc 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Dependences of Current Attenuation on the Source Length, Conductor Thickness, and Frequency 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Nonuniform TL Approximation 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Summary 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.8 Appendix: Incident E-field for Two Parallel Vertical Phased Current Source Arrays—Analytical Solution 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.9 Appendix: Total Current for Horizontal Configurations—Numerical Solution 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.10 Appendix: Comparison of FDTD Simulation with an Analytical Solution 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.11 Appendix: E-field Structure around a Vertical Nonzero-Thickness Perfect Conductor 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.12 Appendix: Vertical E-field Produced by an Electrically-Short Vertical Dipole 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 FDTD Simulation of Lightning Surges on Overhead Wires in the Presence of Corona Discharge 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Modeling 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Results and Discussion 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Summary 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 FDTD Simulation of Insulator Voltages at a Lightning-Struck Tower Considering the Ground-Wire Corona 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Introduction 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Methodology 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Analysis and Results 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.4 Summary 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Voltages Induced on an Overhead Wire by Lightning Strikes to a Nearby Tall Grounded Object 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Introduction 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Methodology 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3 Analysis and Results 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.4 Discussion 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.5 Summary 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.6 Appendix: Testing the Validity of the FDTD Calculations against Experimental Data (Strikes to Flat Ground) 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.7 Appendix: Comparison with Rusck's Formula (Strikes to Flat Ground) 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.8 Appendix: Testing the Validity of the FDTD Calculations against Experimental Data (Strikes to a Tall Object) 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 3D-FDTD Computation of Lightning-Induced Voltages on an Overhead Two-Wire Distribution Line 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 Methodology 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.3 Analysis and Results 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.4 Summary 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 FDTD Simulations of the Corona Effect on Lightning-Induced Voltages 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.1 Introduction 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.2 Methodology 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.3 Analysis and Results 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.4 Discussion 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.5 Summary 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 FDTD Simulation of Surges on Grounding Electrodes Considering Soil Ionization 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.1 Introduction 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.2 Representation of Soil Ionization and De-ionization 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.3 Analysis and Results 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.4 Conclusions 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Summary 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix: 3D-FDTD Program in C++ 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndex 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528824824151,"sku":"9781118275634","price":120.6,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118275634.jpg?v=1731873163","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/electromagnetic-computation-methods-for-lightning-surge-protection-studies-9781118275634","provider":"Book 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