{"product_id":"electricity-power-generation-9780470600283","title":"Electricity Power Generation","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book offersan analytical overview of established electric generation processes, along with the present status \u0026amp; improvements for meeting the strains of reconstruction. These old methods are hydro-electric, thermal \u0026amp; nuclear power production.The bookcovers climatic constraints; their affectsand how they are shaping thermal production.The book alsocovers the main renewable energy sources, windand PV cells and the hybrids arising out of these. It covers distributed generation which already has a large presence is now being joined by wind \u0026amp; PV energies. It covers their accommodation in the present system. It introduces energy stores for electricity; when they burst upon the scene in full strength are expected to revolutionize electricity production. In all the subjects covered, there are references to power marketing \u0026amp; how it is shaping production. There will also bea reference chapter on how the power market works.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eForeword xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Electricity History—A Review of the Road Ahead 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 History of Growth of the Electricity Business 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Innovative Technology Developments and Growth of Conglomerates 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Economic Growth—GDP and Electricity Consumption 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Monopolies Develop Built-In Defects 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Breakup of Bell Systems Leads to Unbundling 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Importance of Renewable Energy Recognized—Wind Energy Becomes a Challenger 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Structural Changes 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Cost Breakdown in the Old Model 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Step-by-Step Restructuring 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 The New Decision Authorities 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Open Power Marketing Now Rerestructuring Electricity Power System 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Risks, Operation, and Maintenance of Hydroelectric Generators\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Present Scenario 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Types and Sizes of Hydroelectricity Projects 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Advantages of Hydroelectricity 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Slow progress of Hydroelectricity Projects 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Factors Propelling the Phased Progress of the Hydroelectric Industry 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Hydro Projects Fall Short of Attracting Private Investment 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Dam Building Progress Over a Century 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Desirable Configuration for Hydro Projects to Attract Private Investment 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Operation of a Hydroelectric Plant 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Unit Allocation within a Large HE Plant 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Speed Control of a Water Turbine 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Startup Process for a WTG 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Speed Controls are Rigid 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Speed Increase Due to Sudden Load Cutoff 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 Frequency and Harmonic Behavior After a Sudden Load Rejection 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 Effect of Penstock Pressure Pulsations 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17 AC Excitation of Rotor Field 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18 Unit Commitment from Hydroelectric Generators, Including Pumped Storage Systems 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19 ICMMS of Hydroelectric Generating Units 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20 Controls and Communications in hydro Systems 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21 General Maintenance 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22 Limitations of Scheduled and Breakdown Maintenance 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23 Reactive Maintenance—Key Elements 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24 Key Components of an ICMMS—Case of a Hydroelectric System 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25 Intelligent Electrohydraulic Servomechanism 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 Online Monitoring and Forecasting 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27 Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) and Twisting of Rotor Shafts 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Hydroelectric Generation—Pumped Storage, Minor Hydroelectric, and Oceanic-Based Systems 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Water as an Energy Supplier and an Energy Store 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Pumped Water Storage System for Electricity Generation 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Operation of a Pumped Storage System 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Pumped Storage Systems Have Limited Scope 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Pumped Storage Systems and Wind Energy 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Small Hydroelectric Plants (SHPs) 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Types of SHP Projects—Sizes 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Location-Wise Designations of SHPs 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Components of an SHP 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Typical Layouts of SHPs 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Project Costs of an SHP 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Drawing Electricity from the Ocean 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Underwater Turbine and Column-Mounted Generator 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Wave Energy 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 3-1 World’s Largest Hydro-Electric Projects 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 3-2 Remote Control of the Hydroelectric System at Guri 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Thermal Power Generation—Steam Generators 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Thermal Electricity Generation Has the Largest Share—The Present Scenario 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Planning of Thermal Stations—Risks and Challenges 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Cost Breakdown and Consumption Pattern of Electricity 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Workings of a Coal-Fired Steam Generator Unit 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Types of Boilers 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Classification of Generating Units 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Combined-Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Thermal Station Power Engineering 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Start-Up Process of a CCPP 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Short-Term Dynamic Response of a CCPP to Frequency Variation 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Cascade Tripping of a CCPP Due to Frequency Excursion 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Operation Planning to Meet Load Demands—Flow Diagram 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Capacity Curves for Thermal Electricity Generation 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Operational Economy Includes Fuel Considerations 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Efficiency in Operating Practices 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Ancillary Services Compulsorily 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Changing Performance Requirements for Thermal Plant Operators 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Expanding Grids Demand Tight Frequency Tolerances 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Reserves are Important in Frequency Control 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Reserves Based on Droop Characteristic 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Primary Frequency Control 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Secondary Frequency Control (SFC) 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 Tertiary Frequency Control 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 Rigid Frequency Controls are Bringing in Changes 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17 Voltage Control Services 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18 Voltage Measurement at POD into the Transmission System 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19 Attractive Market Prices Lead to Reserves Over and Above the Compulsory Limits 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20 Importance of Operating Frequency Limits for a Thermal Generator 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21 System Protection 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22 Maintenance Practices 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23 Challenges in Meeting Environmental Obligations 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.24 MHD Generators 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5-1 Energy Efficiency Program [36] 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5-2 Capability Curves of a 210 MW Generator 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5-3 Design of an MHD Generator System and its Output Conversion 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Environmental Constraints in Thermal Power Generation— Acid Rain 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction to Acid Rain and Carbon Emissions 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 World Concern Over Environmental Pollution and Agreements to Control It 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 U.S. Clean Air Act and Amendments 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Complying with Constraints on the SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Emission Rate 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Surcharges on Emissions 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Complying with Constraints on Denitrifying 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Continuous-Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 The European Systems: Helsinki Protocol on SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e and Sofia Protocol on No\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 The Japanese Example—City-Wise and Comprehensive 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 A Plant Running Out of Emission Allowances 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 No\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e Permits Are Projected as Important Players in Price Fixing of Power in a Free Market 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Air Pollution by Carbon Dioxide—CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-1 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Residential Areas 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Industrial Areas 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-3 Details on Desulphurization Plants in the United States 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Environmental Constraints in Thermal Power Generation—Carbon and the Kyoto Proposals 135\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Continuing Growth of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e in the Air 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e from Different Fuels 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Emission by Fuel Type 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Coal has the Highest Rate of Growth Among Energy Suppliers 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Earth’s Oceans and Seas Absorb CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Developments on the Front of Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Kyoto Proposals 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Clause 1 of Kyoto Protocol of 1998 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Original Kyoto Proposals 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Proposals for Parties to the 2007 Protocol 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Project Report Needs 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 An Illustrative Validation Report 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 A Workout for Emission Factors and Emissions for a Hydro and for a Wind Energy Installation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Open Skies Divided in Tons of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Per Nation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15 An example of Baseline and Emission Reductions 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16 Methodological Tools to Calculate the Baseline and Emission Factor 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17 Tool to Calculate the Emission Factor for an Electricity System 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18 Simple Operating Margins 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19 Incentives for Emission Reduction 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 7-1 Default Efficiency Factors for Power Plants 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Nuclear Power Generation 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Nuclear Power Generation Process in Brief 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Nuclear Power Plants 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Power Uprates 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Advantages of Nuclear Plants 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Some Types of Nuclear Power Reactors 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Other Types from Different Countries 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Planning of NP Plants 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Financial Risks in Planning 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Operation of NP Plants 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Safety Measures to Prevent Explosion in a Reactor Vessel 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Prevention of Accidents 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Class IE Equipment and Distribution Systems—Ungrounded Earthing Systems 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Environmental Considerations—Radiation Hazard 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Waste Management 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15 Environmental Benefits 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16 Challenges for Research 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17 Rapid Increase in Population Expected 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18 Fast Breeder Reactors 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-1 Nuclear Reactor Accident at Three Mile Island 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-2 Chernobyl Accident 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-3 Worldwide Capacity and Generation of Nuclear Energy 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Wind Power Generation 173\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction to Wind 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Operation of Wind Turbine Generators 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Connection of Wind Energy Plants to the Grid—The Grid Code 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 American Grid Code 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 A Resistive Braking of a WTG 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Power and PF Control 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Modeling of a Wind Turbine Generator 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Economics of Wind Energy 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Capacity Factor of a WTG 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Capacity Credit Considerations 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Capacity Factor for WECs in a Hybrid System 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Wind Penetration Limit 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Wind Power Proportion 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Wind Integration Cost in United States 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15 Wind Energy Farms 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16 Promoting Growth of Wind Electricity 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17 Maintenance of WTG 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.18 UNFCCC and Wind Energy 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Photovoltaic Energy—Solar Cells and Solar Power Systems 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Photovoltaic Energy—How it Works 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Advantages of Photovoltaic Energy 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Disadvantages of PV Energy 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Solar Thermal Density—Insolation 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Output of a PV Cell 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Variation with Ambient Temperature 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Voltage-Versus-Current Characteristics of a Solar Cell 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Matching the PV with the Load 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Old Working Model of an MPPT 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Maximizing the Output of a Solar Panel 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Interface with a Power System 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Power Conditioning Systems 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Super Capacitors and Storage Batteries 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 NERC Guidelines for Connecting a PV Systm to a Grid 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Problems of Interfacing PV Systems with the Grid 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16 Penetration Percentage by a PV Energy System into a Utility Grid 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17 Progress in Application of PV Energy 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Direct Conversion into Electricity—Fuel Cells 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Fuel Cells Bypass Intermediate Steps in the Production of Electrical Energy 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Working of a Fuel Cell 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 A Reformer for Getting Hydrogen from Methane 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Fuels for a Fuel Cell 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Fuel Cells on the Forefront of Development 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Comparison between Fuel Cells 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Typical Characteristics of Various Fuel Cells 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Developments in Fuel Cells 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Applications of Fuel Cells 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 An SOFC–Gas Turbine System 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Efficiencies of Various Systems in Thermal Power Generation Technologies 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Hybrid Systems 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Coupling of Energy Sources 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 What Exactly are Hybrids? 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Stand-Alone Hybrid Power Systems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Use of Renewable Sources of Energy in Mexico—San Antonio Aqua Bendita 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Some Definitions 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Cost Balance Between PV Cells and Storage Batteries 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Hybrids Incorporating Fuel Cells 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Midsea Hybrids 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Workings of a WTG and Diesel Generator 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Wind Energy Penetration Limit 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Wind Power–Fuel Cell Hybrids 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Interfacing Nonconventional Energy Sources with Utility Systems–Static Power Controllers (SPCs) 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Protective Controls Between a Utility and a Newcomer 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. Combined Generation—Cogeneration 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Definition and Scope 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Rise of Cogeneration 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Basic Purpose of Cogeneration 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Three Types of Cogenerators 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Advantages Offered by Cogeneration 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Planning of Cogeneration 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Economic Objectives for a Cogenerator 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Operation of Cogenerators 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Working Together with Cogeneration 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Islanding of Cogeneration Section 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Environmental Considerations 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Cogeneration in Brazil 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 13-1 A Typical Cogenerating System for a High-Tech, Science-Based Industrial Park in Taiwan 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 13-2 NERC Directive 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 13-3 Combined Power Generation and Captive Power 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 13-4 Cogeneration in Sugar Mills in India 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. Distributed Generation (DG) and Distributed Resources (DR) 275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Definition and Scope 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Who are the Players in Distribution Generation? 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Prominent Features of DRs 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Types of DGs 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Push Factors, Stay-Put Costs, and Investment Prospects for Electricitym 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Investment Options 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Planning Sites for a DG 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Operation of DGs in an Electric Power System 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Islanding of an EPS Section from the Main Body 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Allowable Penetration Levels by DRs 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Synchronous Generator as a DG with Excitation Controls 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 How Can a DG Earn Profits? 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 Scope for Gas-Based DGs 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14 Diesel Generators 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15 Evaluation of Service Rendered by Stand-by DGs 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16 Reliability Cost for a DG Set 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17 Maintenance and Protection of Diesel Generators 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18 UK Policy on Generation of Low-Carbon Electricity 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Scope 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Definitions per IEEE Std 1547-2003 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 DR Ceases to Energize the Area EPS 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Protective Devices 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Schematic of an Interconnection Between a DR and an Area EPS 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Restraints on a DR Operator 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Responsibilities and Liabilities of EPS Area Operators 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Power Quality Windows 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Limitation of DC Injection 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Islanding of a Local-Area EPS that Includes a DR 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Reconnection 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Safety Aspects 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Testing of Interconnecting Equipment 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Interconnections Will be Important in Tomorrow’s Scenario 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 15-1 CBIP Standard Recommendation, Extracts from Publication 2517, July 1996 [4] 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Energy Storage—Power Storage Super Capacitors 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Energy Storage and the Future for Renewable Energy Sources 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Advantages of Energy Storage 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Factors for Choosing Type and Rating of a Storage System 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Nature of Support by Electricity Storage Systems 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Load Density, Short-Circuit Capacity, and Storage of Energy 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Photovoltaic Energy—PV Energy in Residential Applications 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Maximum PV Penetration and Maximum Allowable Storage go Hand in Hand 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Planning the Size of a Store for PV Inclusion in a Distribution System 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Types of Storage Devices for PV Systems 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Wind Energy 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Storage Technologies 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Determining the Size Storage for Wind Power 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Control Modes for Stores and WTG 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.14 Energy Rating of Stores 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.15 Categories of Energy Storages 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 16-1 A Supercapacitor 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Hydrogen Era 337\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Fossil-Based Fuels 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Hydrogen Properties 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Hydrogen Advantages 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Production of Hydrogen 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Potential Market Segments for Hydrogen 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Present Roadblocks to use of Hydrogen 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Governments Envision a Hydrogen Era 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 An Example to Consider 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 17-1 Proceedings of the National Hydrogen Energy Road Map, Workshop Arranged by U.S. DOE 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 17-2 HTGR Knowledge Base 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18. Basic Structure of Power Marketing 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Reconstruction of the Electricity Business 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Unbundling of Old Monopoly 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Open Access to Critical Facilities 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 How Does the New System Work? 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Market Participants and Their Functions 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 New Key Personnel 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Role of a Regulator or Regulatory Commission 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Tools for the System Operator 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Secondary Markets 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Free Market Objectives 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Success of the Free Market 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 How Do Electricity Markets Operate? 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13 Flow of Operating Funds 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.14 Effect of Reconstruction on Electricity Business—Capital Investment Prospects 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.15 National Grid Transmission System 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 18-1 A Vast Array of Tools to Support Tomorrow’s Market Participants 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19. Looking into the Future 365\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 367\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53515418304855,"sku":"9780470600283","price":127.76,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/electricity-power-generation-9780470600283","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}