{"product_id":"electric-power-and-energy-distribution-systems-9781119838258","title":"Electric Power and Energy Distribution Systems","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiography xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization of the Book xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Prologue 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Past 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Present 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Future 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 New Developments 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Epilogue 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 The Electric Power System 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Distribution System Devices 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Substation Devices 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1.1 Power Transformers 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1.2 Switchgear 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1.3 Compensating Devices 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1.4 Protection Equipment 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1.5 Control and Monitoring Devices 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Primary System Components 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.1 Feeders and Laterals 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.2 Switches 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.3 Compensating Devices 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.4 Protection Equipment 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.5 Control and Monitoring Devices 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.6 Distribution Transformers 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2.7 Types of Primary Systems 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Secondary System Components 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Frequently Asked Questions on Distribution Systems 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Distribution System Transformers \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Definition 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Types of Distribution Transformers 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Overhead Transformers 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Underground Transformers 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Standards 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Loading of Transformers 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Types of Cooling 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 OA – Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 OA\/FA – Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled\/Forced-Air Cooled 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 OA\/FA\/FOA – Oil-immersed Self-Cooled\/Forced-Air Cooled\/Forced-Oil Forced-Air Cooled 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.4 FOA – Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil Cooled with Forced-Air Cooled 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.5 OW– Oil-ImmersedWater Cooled 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.6 FOW– Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil Cooled with Forced-Water Cooled 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.7 AA – Dry-Type Self-cooled 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.8 AFA – Dry-Type Forced-Air Cooled 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.9 AA\/FA – Dry-Type Self-cooled\/Forced-Air Cooled 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Terminal Markings and Polarity 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Insulation Class 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Single-Phase Transformer 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Model for a Single-Phase Transformer 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Performance Analysis 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Regulation 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Taps 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Distribution Transformer Connections 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Example 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Parallel Operation of Three-wire Transformers 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Single-Phase Autotransformers 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Analysis of Y\/Δ Transformer with Unbalanced Load 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Analysis of Y\/Y Transformer 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Three-winding Transformer 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Distribution Line Models \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Overview 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Conductor Types and Sizes 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Sizes 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Overhead Feeders 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Underground Feeders 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Conductor Data 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Generalized Carson’s Models 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Series Impedance Models of Overhead Lines 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Three-phase Line 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Single- and Two-phase Line Modeling 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Three-phase Line Example 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Series Impedance Models of Underground Lines 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Nonconcentric Neutral Cables 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Concentric Neutral Cables 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2.1 Single-phase Cable 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2.2 Three-phase Cable 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Distribution System Analysis \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Modeling of Source Impedance 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Load Models 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Load Model I 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Load Model II 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Load Model III 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Load Model IV 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Power Flow Studies 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Line Model 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Load and DER Model 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Computing Currents 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Power Flow Algorithm 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Voltage Regulation 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Voltage Regulation Definition 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Approximate Method for Voltage Regulation 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Voltage Drop on Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Voltage Drop on a Radial Feeder Serving a Triangular Area 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Fault Calculations 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Prefault System 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Three-phase Fault 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Double-Line-to-Ground (DLG) Fault 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Single-Line-to-Ground (SLG) Fault 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Line-to-Line (LL) Fault 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6 Symmetrical Component-based Fault Analysis 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6.1 Three-phase Fault 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6.2 DLG Fault 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6.3 SLG Fault 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6.4 LL Fault 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Distribution System Planning \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e89\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Traditional vs. Modern Approaches to Planning 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Long-term Load Forecasting 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Load Characteristics 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Customer Classes 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Loads in a Modern House 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Time Aggregation 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Diversity and Coincidence 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Demand Factor 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.6 Load Duration Curve 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.7 Load Factor 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.8 Loss Factor 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Design Criteria and Standards 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Voltage Standards 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Conservation Voltage Reduction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Distribution System Design 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Substation Design 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Design of Primary Feeders 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Design of Secondary Systems 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Underground Distribution Systems 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Rural vs. Urban Systems 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Cold Load Pickup (CLPU) 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 CLPU Fundamentals 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 CLPU Models 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Impacts of CLPU 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Operating Limits 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Asset Management 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Economics of Distribution Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Basic Concepts 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Interest Rate 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Inflation 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Discount Rate 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Time Value of Money 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Annuity 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 PresentWorth of Annuity 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.7 PresentWorth of Geometric Series 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Selection of Devices: Conductors and Transformers 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Distribution Feeder Conductors 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.1 Conductor Economics 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.2 Reach of Feeders 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.3 Optimal Selection of Conductors for Feeders 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.4 Example 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Economic Evaluation of Transformers 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Tariffs and Pricing 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Electricity Rates 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.1 Energy 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.2 Demand 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.3 Time of Use (TOU) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.4 Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.5 Critical Peak Rebates (CPRs) 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.6 Interruptible Rates 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.7 Power Factor-Based Rates 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.8 Real-Time Price 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.9 Net Metering 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Understanding Electricity Bills 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.1 Monthly Rate 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Rural Electric Cooperatives (RECs) 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Municipal Utilities 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Distribution System Operation and Automation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Distribution Automation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Communication Infrastructure 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Distribution Automation Functions 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Outage Management 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Voltage and var Management 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.1 Transformer LTC Operation 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.2 Capacitor Operation 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.3 Regulator Operation 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.4 Smart Inverters 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Monitoring and Control 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 Transformer Life Extension 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.2 Recloser\/Circuit Breaker Monitoring and Control 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Cost–Benefit of Distribution Automation 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Higher Energy Sales 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Reduced Labor for Fault Location 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 O\u0026amp;M of Switches and Controllers 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Lesser Low-Voltage Complaints 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Cost–Benefit Case Studies 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Analysis of Distribution System Operation Functions \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Outage Management 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Trouble Call Analysis 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 Outage Location Using Escalation Methods 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Rule-Based Escalation 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.3 Test Cases 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Voltage and var Control 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Load Tap Changer 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Line Regulators 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Capacitors 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Capacitor Placement 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4.1 Illustrative Example 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Capacitor Switching and Control 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Distribution System Reconfiguration 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Multiobjective Reconfiguration Problem 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Minimization of Real Loss 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Transformer Load Balancing 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.3 Minimization of Voltage Deviation 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Illustrative Example 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Distribution System Restoration 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Step-by-Step Restoration 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Restoration Times 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Derivation of Restoration Times 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Optimal Operation and Design for Restoration During CLPU 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4.1 Thermally Limited System 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4.2 Voltage Drop Limited System 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Distribution System Reliability \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Motivation 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Basic Definitions 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Reliability Indices 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Basic Parameters 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Sustained Interruption Indices 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.3 Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.4 Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (CTAIDI) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.5 Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.6 Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.7 Customers Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (CEMI\u003ci\u003en\u003c\/i\u003e) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.8 Customers Experiencing Long Interruption Durations (CELID) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Load-based Indices 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.1 Average System Interruption Frequency Index (ASIFI) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.2 Average System Interruption Duration Index (ASIDI) 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Momentary Interruption Indices 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4.1 Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI) 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4.2 The Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index (MAIFI\u003ci\u003eE\u003c\/i\u003e) 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4.3 Customers Experiencing Multiple Sustained Interruption and Momentary Interruption Events Index (CEMSMI\u003ci\u003en\u003c\/i\u003e) 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Sustained Interruption Example 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Momentary Interruption Example 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Major Event Day Classification 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Causes of Outages 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Trees 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Lightning 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Wind 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Icing 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Animals\/Birds 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Vehicular Traffic 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7 Age of Components 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8 Conductor Size 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Outage Recording 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Predictive Reliability Assessment 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Component Failure Models 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Network Reduction 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Markov Modeling 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4.1 FMEA Method Assumptions 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4.2 FMEA Procedure 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Regulation of Reliability 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Distribution System Grounding \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Basics of Grounding 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Need for Grounding 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Approaches for Grounding 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Effects of Grounding on System Models 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Neutral Grounding 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Neutral Shift Due to Ground Faults 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Types of Neutral Grounding 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Standards for Neutral Grounding 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Substation Safety 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 National Electric Safety Code (NESC) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 National Electric Code (NEC) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Distribution System Protection \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e239\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Overview and Philosophy 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Role of Protection Studies 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Protection of Power-carrying Devices 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Classification of Protective and Switching Devices 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Single-action Fuses 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.1 Expulsion Fuses 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.2 Vacuum Fuses 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.3 Current-limiting Fuses 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.4 Distribution Fuse Cutouts 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.1 Recloser Classifications 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Sectionalizers 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Circuit Breakers 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Time Overcurrent Relays 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.6 Static or Solid-state Relays 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.7 Digital or Numerical Relays 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.8 Load Break Switch 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.9 Circuit Interrupter 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.10 Disconnecting Switch 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.11 Sectionalizing Switch 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.12 Example Distribution System 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 New Generation of Devices 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Smart Switching Devices 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.1 Smart Fuses 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.2 Smart Reclosers (Interrupters) 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.3 Smart Circuit Breakers 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Basic Rules of Classical Distribution Protection 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Operational Convention for Protective Devices 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Protecting Feeder Segments and Taps 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Coordination of Protective Devices 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 General Coordination Rule 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Fuse–Fuse Coordination 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2.1 Model for Fuses 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2.2 Rule for Fuse–Fuse Coordination 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Recloser–Fuse Coordination 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Recloser–Sectionalizer Coordination 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4.1 Rule for Coordination 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5 Circuit Breaker–Recloser Coordination 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5.1 Models for Relay-controlled Circuit Breakers 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5.2 Rule for Coordination 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 New Digital Sensing and Measuring Devices 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Microphasor Measurement Units 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 Optical Line Current Sensors 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.4 Optical Voltage Sensors 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.5 Digital Pressure and Temperature Sensors 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.6 Evolving Sensors 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Emerging Protection System Design and Coordination 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Power Quality for Distribution System \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Definition of Power Quality 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Impacts of Power Quality 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 The Customer Side 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 The Utility Side 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Importance of Power Quality 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Cost of Power Quality 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Harmonics and PQ Indices 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.1 Properties of THD 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD) 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Power Factor (PF) 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Standards for Harmonic Control 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Momentary Interruptions 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Voltage Sag and Swell 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Definition 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 ITI (CBEMA) Curve 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Flicker 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 DER Resources and Models 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Wind Generation 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Solar Generation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Microturbine 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Electric Vehicles 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Interconnection Issues 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Variable Solar Power 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Microgrids 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Microgrid Types by Supply and Structure 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1.1 ac Microgrids 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1.2 dc Microgrids 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1.3 Hybrid Microgrids 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1.4 Networked Microgrids 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Microgrid Modes of Operation 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2.1 Grid-Connected Mode 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2.2 Islanded Mode 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Grid-Following vs. Grid-Forming Inverters 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Microgrid Protection Challenges and Requirements 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Examples of Microgrid in Operation 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5.1 CERTS Microgrid 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5.2 IIT Microgrid 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5.3 Philadelphia Navy Yard Microgrid 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Off-Grid Electrification 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Designing Off-Grid Systems 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1.1 Load Estimation 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1.2 Resource Assessment 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1.3 Optimal System Design 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1.4 Other Factors 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A Per-unit Representation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 Single-phase Systems 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Three-phase Systems 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.1 Per-unit Values for Δ-Connected Systems 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.2 Per-unit Values for Δ-Connected Systems 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3 Base Values for Transformers 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4 Change of Base 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.5 Advantages of Per-unit Representation 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B Symmetrical Components \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e323\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 327\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407167398231,"sku":"9781119838258","price":91.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119838258.jpg?v=1730498408","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/electric-power-and-energy-distribution-systems-9781119838258","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}