{"product_id":"efficiency-of-biomass-energy-9781118702109","title":"Efficiency of Biomass Energy","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetails energy and exergy efficiencies of all major aspects of bioenergy systems\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCovers all major bioenergy processes starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final bioenergy products, like power, biofuels, and chemicals\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEach chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects in order to serve as an introduction to biomass and bioenergy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlined\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes case studies and illustrative examples of 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c\/sup\u003e, 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c\/sup\u003e, and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c\/sup\u003e generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eTraditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described in order to c\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I | Background and Outline\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 | Bioenergy Systems: An Overview 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Energy and the Environment 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Biomass Conversion Processes 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Utilization of Biomass 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Closing Remarks 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 | Exergy Analysis 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Sustainability and Efficiency 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Exergy Concept 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Exergetic Evaluation of Processes and Technologies 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Renewability of Biofuels 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Closing Remarks 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II | Biomass Production and Conversion\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 | Photosynthesis 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Exergy of Thermal Radiation 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Exergy Analysis of Photosynthesis 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Global Photosynthesis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Closing Remarks 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 | Biomass Production 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Overview 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Efficiency of Solar Energy Capture 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Cultivation and Harvesting 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Logistics 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Closing Remarks 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 | Thermochemical Conversion: Gasification 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Gasification: An Overview 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Gasification of Carbon 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Gasification of Biomass 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Gasification of Typical Fuels 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Closing Remarks 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 | Gasification: Parametric Studies and Gasification Systems 203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Effect of Fuel Chemical Composition on Gasification Performance 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Effect of Biomass Moisture Content, Gasification Pressure, and Heat Addition on Gasification Performance 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Improvement of Gasification Exergetic Efficiency 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Gasification Efficiency Using Equilibrium versus Nonequilibrium Models 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Quasi-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Models 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Comparison of Gasification Efficiency 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Performance of Typical Gasifiers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Comparison of FICFB and Viking Gasifiers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers for the Production of H2-Rich Syngas 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Updraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Plasma Gasification 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Plasma Gasification Technology 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Thermochemical Conversion in Sub- and Supercritical Water 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Conversion of Wet Biomass in Hot Compressed Water 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) under Subcritical Water Conditions 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Closing Remarks 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III | Biofuels First-Generation Biofuels\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 | Biodiesel 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Biodiesel: An Overview 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Historical Development 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Chemistry 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Feedstocks 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Production Process 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.6 Biodiesel as Transport Fuel 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Biodiesel from Plant Oils 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Exergy Analysis of Biodiesel Production 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Biodiesel from Microalgae 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Introduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification of Algal Oil 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain of Algal Biodiesel 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Closing Remarks 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 | Bioethanol 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Bioethanol: An Overview 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Historical Development 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Ethanol as Transport Fuel 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Chemistry 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Bioethanol Production Methods 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Ethanol from Sugarcane 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Exergetic Performance of Sugarcane Ethanol Plants for Various Cogeneration Configurations 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Ethanol from Sugar Beets 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Renewability of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Starchy Crops 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Corn Ethanol: Exergy Analysis 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Corn Ethanol: Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC) and Renewability 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Wheat Ethanol 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Exergy Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol (Second Generation) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Introduction 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Ethanol from Wood (NREL Process) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Impact of Biomass Pretreatment and Process Configuration 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Comparison of Exergetic Efficiency 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Renewability of Lignocellulosic Ethanol from Tropical Tree Plantations 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Alternative Ethanol Processes 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Fossil Ethanol from Mineral Oil 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Ethanol via Water Electrolysis 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Closing Remarks 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond-Generation Liquid Biofuels\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 | Fischer–Tropsch Fuels 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: An Overview 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Historical Development 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Process Chemistry 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Comparison of F-T Fuels to Conventional Transport Fuels 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Process Design 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.6 Process Performance 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Exergy Analysis of Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Process 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Description of CTL Process 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Mass Balance and Energy Analysis 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Exergy Analysis 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Exergy Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Processes 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 GTL Process with Tail Gas Recycling: Internal and External 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Impact of Reformer Temperature on GTL Efficiency: External Tail Gas Recycling 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Exergy Analysis of Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Processes 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Introduction 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Once-Through F-T Process 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Impact of Biomass Feedstock on Process Efficiency 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Reforming and Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas to Biomass Gasifier 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Closing Remarks 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 | Methanol 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Methanol: An Overview 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Historical Development 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Chemistry 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Methanol as Transport Fuel 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Process Design 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Process Performance 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Methanol from Fossil Fuels 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Methanol from Natural Gas 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Methanol from Coal 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Methanol from Biomass 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Methanol from Waste Biomass (Sewage Sludge) 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Other Biomass-Based Methanol Processes 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Closing Remarks 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 | Thermochemical Ethanol 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Thermochemical Ethanol: An Overview 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Introduction 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Process Chemistry 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Catalysts for Ethanol Synthesis 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Process Design 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Exergy Analysis 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Process Description 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Mass and Energy Balances (Rh-Based Catalyst) 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Exergy Analysis (Rh-Based Catalyst) 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Impact of Ethanol Synthesis Catalyst (MoS2-Based Target Catalyst) 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Impact of Gasification Temperature 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Closing Remarks 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 | Dimethyl Ether (DME) 445\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Dimethyl Ether: An Overview 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Introduction 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Historical Development 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Process Chemistry 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.4 DME as Energy Carrier 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.5 Production Technology 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.6 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Aspects 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Dimethyl Ether from Fossil Fuels 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 DME from Natural Gas 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 DME from Coal 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 DME from Co-Feed of Natural Gas and Coal 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Dimethyl Ether from Biomass 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 DME via Indirect Steam Gasification 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Influence of Syngas Preparation Method on Process Efficiency 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Closing Remarks 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 | Hydrogen 475\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Hydrogen: An Overview 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Introduction 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 History: from Discovery to Hydrogen Economy 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 Hydrogen Use 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.5 Hydrogen Storage 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.6 Production Methods 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Natural Gas Processes 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Hydrogen-from-Coal Gasification 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Coal Processes 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Process Description 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Mass and Energy Balances 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Exergy Analysis 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Exergy Analysis of Future Hydrogen Production Processes 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Thermochemical Cycles 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Geothermal Energy 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Solar Energy 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Wood 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Influence of Biomass Feedstocks on Exergetic Efficiency 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Influence of Gasification System Configurations on Exergetic Efficiency 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Biomass Gasification 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Exergy Analysis of Biological Hydrogen Production 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Process Description 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Mass and Energy Balances 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Exergy Analysis 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Closing Remarks 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 | Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) 523\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Substitute Natural Gas: An Overview 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Introduction 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Historical Development 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Chemistry of Methanation 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Natural Gas as Energy Carrier 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 SNG Production Technology 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 SNG from Coal 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Description of Coal-to-SNG Process 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Process Modeling 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Mass and Energy Balances 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Exergy Analysis 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Overview of Coal-to-SNG Processes 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 SNG from Biomass Gasification 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 SNG via Wood Gasification 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Comparison of SNG Production from Various Biomass Feedstocks 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Overview of Biomass-to-SNG Processes 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Closing Remarks 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV | Bioenergy Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 | Thermal Power Plants, Heat Engines, and Heat Production 561\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Biomass-Based Power and Heat Generation: An Overview 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Introduction 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Historical Development 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Technologies for Power Generation from Biomass 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Biofuels in Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.5 Biomass Heating Systems 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.6 Performance and Cost of Power Generation Systems 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.7 Environmental Aspects 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Biomass Combustion Power Systems 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Introduction 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Biomass Steam Cogeneration Plant 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Externally Fired Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Biomass-Fired Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Biomass Gasification Power Systems 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Introduction 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle (BIG\/GT-CC) 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Improving Efficiency BIG\/GT-CC Plants 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal Combustion Engine–Combined Cycle (BIG\/ICE-CC) 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Comparison of Various Biomass-Fueled Power Plants 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine Simple Cogeneration Cycles 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine: Simple and Combined Cycles 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification CHP Plants 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Biomass-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Biodiesel-Fueled Compression-Ignition Engines 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Biofuel-Fired Gas Turbines 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Polygeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Chemicals 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Introduction 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Methanol Synthesis 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Ethanol Production 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Biomass Boilers and Heating Systems 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Introduction 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Biomass Boilers 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Energy Utilization in Buildings 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Closing Remarks 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16 | Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems 633\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems: An Overview 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Introduction 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Historical Development 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.4 Fuel Cell Types 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.6 Overview of Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Configurations 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.7 Energy Efficiency, Cost, and Environmental Impact 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (BIG\/SOFC) Systems 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Central Power Production Using BIG\/SOFC\/GT Systems 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Other Central Power Production Studies Using BIG\/SOFC Systems 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Distributed Power Production Using BIG\/SOFC Systems 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Integration of Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) with SOFC\/GT Hybrid System 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (BIG\/PEMFC) Systems 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Distributed Combined Heat and Power Generation Based on Central Hydrogen Production 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Quality on Efficiency of Distributed CHP Systems 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Fuel Cell Systems Fed with Liquid Biofuels 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Introduction 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Maximum Electricity Obtainable from Various Fuels 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Integrated Fuel Processor–Fuel Cell (FP-FC) System 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Systems 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Closing Remarks 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17 | Biorefineries 673\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Biorefineries: An Overview 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Introduction 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Historical Development 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Chemical Value of Biomass 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Biorefinery Systems 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.5 Biorefinery Technology 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Comparison of Various Biomass Utilization Routes 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Biomass Utilization Routes 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Power Generation 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Biofuels Production 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Chemical Biorefinery 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Exergy Inputs to Basic Biorefinery Steps 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Biorefinery Model 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Processing Simple Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Processing Complex Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Processing Fermentable Sugars into Ethanol 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Processing Ethanol into Ethylene 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.6 Fatty Acids Processing 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.7 Amino Acids Processing 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.8 Lignin Processing 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.9 Ash and Residuals Processing 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Optimal Biomass Crops as Biorefinery Feedstock 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Biomass versus Petrochemical Route for the Production of Bulk Chemicals 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Biomass Route 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Petrochemical Route 698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Fossil Fuel Savings 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Optimal Crops for Biorefineries 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Closing Remarks 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostface 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendixes\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A – Conversion Factors 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B – Constants 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C – SI Prefixes 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of Selected Terms 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotation 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments for Permission to Reproduce Copyrighted Material 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Index 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject Index 745\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528835309911,"sku":"9781118702109","price":160.5,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118702109.jpg?v=1731873208","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/efficiency-of-biomass-energy-9781118702109","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}