{"product_id":"ecological-silvicultural-systems-9781119890904","title":"Ecological Silvicultural Systems","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eECOLOGICAL SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnleash the natural power and adaptability of forests with this cutting-edge guide\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor generations, silvicultural systems have focused largely on models whose primary objective is the production of timber, leading to drastically simplified forests with reduced ecological richness, diversity, and complexity. Ecological silviculture, by contrast, focuses on producing and maintaining forests with all their parts, that is, with the diversity and flexibility to respond  and adapt to global changes. Ecological silviculture seeks to emulate natural development models and sustain healthy forests serving multiple values and goals. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEcological Silvicultural Systems\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive introduction to these approaches and their benefits tailored to diverse types of forests, designed for forest management professionals. It provides a series of exemplary models for ecological silviculture and surveys the resulting forest ecosystems.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The Context of Ecological Silviculture 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian J. Palik and Anthony W. D’Amato\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 What Is Ecological Silviculture? 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 How Does Ecological Silviculture Differ from Classical Commodity- Focused Silviculture? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Why Is Ecological Silviculture Needed? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 What Are the Foundational Concepts of Ecological Silviculture? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 What to Expect from the Chapters that Follow? 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Ecological Silviculture for Great Lakes Red Pine Ecosystems 11\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian J. Palik and Anthony W. D’Amato\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Characteristics of Red Pine Ecosystems 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Composition and Structure 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Natural Disturbance Regime 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Natural Development Model 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.2 Preforest Stage 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.3 Young Forest Stage 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.5 Old Forest Stage 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3.6 The Cycle of Disturbance and Development 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Red Pine Ecosystems 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Preforest Stage 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Young Forest Stage (Early) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Young Forest Stage (Later) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Mature Forest Stage 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Old Forest Stage 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.7 Natural- Origin Stands Versus Plantations 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Climate Change Considerations 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Summary 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Ecological Silviculture for Northern Hardwood Ecosystems of Northeastern U.S. 25\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnthony W. D’Amato\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Characteristics of Northern Hardwood Ecosystems 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Composition and Structure 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Historical Natural Disturbance Regime 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Natural Development Model 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Preforest Stage 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.3 Young Forest Stage 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.5 Old Forest Stage 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 The Cycle of Disturbance and Development 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Northern Hardwood Ecosystems 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Preforest Stage 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Young Forest Stage (Early) 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Young Forest Stage (Later) 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Mature Forest Stage 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Old Forest Stage 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Climate Change Considerations 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Summary 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Ecological Silviculture in Douglas- fir–Western Hemlock Ecosystems 40\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbraham Wheeler, Jerry F. Franklin, and Stephanie J. Wessell\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Characteristics of Douglas- fir–Western Hemlock Ecosystems 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Tree Species Composition 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Natural Disturbance Regime and Developmental Model 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.1 Natural Disturbance 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.2 Preforest Stage 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.3 Young Forest Stage 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.4 Mature Forest Stage 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.5 Old Forest Stage 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Essential Elements of an Ecological Silvicultural System for Douglas-fir–Western Hemlock Ecosystems 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Landscape Context 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Special Features 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Spatial Heterogeneity 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Structural Retention 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Species Diversity 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Limited Use of Chemicals 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.7 Regeneration Approaches 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8 Silvicultural System 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8.1 Emulating Natural Disturbance 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8.2 Long Recovery Periods 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8.3 Large, Open Harvest Areas 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8.4 Ecological Thinning 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.9 Ecological Silvicultural Tradeoffs 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Real- World Application of an Ecological Silvicultural System for the DF-WH Ecosystem 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Climate Change Considerations 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Summary 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Ecological Silviculture for Longleaf Pine Woodlands in the Southeastern U.S. 53\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven B. Jack, Benjamin O. Knapp, and R. Kevin McIntyre\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Characteristics of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Natural History 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Natural Disturbance 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Composition and Structure 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Development Model 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Preforest Stage 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Young Forest Stage 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Old Forest Stage 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Prevailing Silvicultural Systems 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Longleaf Pine 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Ecological Silviculture to Maintain Mature Forests 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Ecological Silviculture for Restoration 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Climate Change Considerations 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Summary 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Ecological Silviculture for Southeastern US Pine-Oak Forests 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJustin L. Hart, J. Davis Goode, and Daniel C. Dey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Characteristics of Pine- Oak Ecosystems 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Silvics of Common Species 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Disturbance Ecology 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Development Model 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Preforest Stage 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Young Forest Stage 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Old Forest Stage 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Ecological Silvicultural Systems for Pine- Oak Ecosystems 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Preforest Stage 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Young Forest Stage 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Mature Forest Stage 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Old Forest Stage 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Climate Change Considerations 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Summary 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Ecological Silviculture for Lowland Wet Conifer Forest Lake States 81\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarcella A. Windmuller-Campione, Laura F. Reuling, Robert A. Slesak, and Randy K. Kolka\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Overview 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Glacial History 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Plant Community Composition 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Historical Natural Disturbance Regime 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Stand- Replacing Disturbance 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Gap Dynamics 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Silvics of Black Spruce and Eastern Larch 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Current\/Conventional Silvicultural Approaches 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Natural Development Model for Lowland Conifer Ecosystems 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Preforest Stage 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Young Forest Stage 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.4 Mature Forest Stage and Old Forest Stage 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Ecological Silviculture System 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Preforest Stage and Young Forest Stages 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Mature Forest Stage and Old Forest Stages 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Climate Changes Impact on Lowland Conifer Ecosystems 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Summary 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Ecological Silviculture for Southern Appalachian Hardwood Forests 98\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJodi A. Forrester, Tara L. Keyser, and David K. Schnake\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 The Southern Appalachian Mixed- Oak Forests 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Contemporary Forests of the Southern Appalachians 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Structure, Composition, and Development of the Southern Appalachian Mixed-Oak Ecosystem 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Structure and Composition 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Natural Development Model 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Regenerating Upland Oak Forests in the Southern Appalachians 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 An Ecologically Based Silvicultural System for Mixed- Oak Ecosystems 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Preforest Stage 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Young Forest Stage 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Mature Forest Stage 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Old Forest Stage 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Climate Change Considerations 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Summary 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Ecological Silviculture for Yellow Birch–Conifer Mixedwoods in Eastern Canada 112\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePatricia Raymond and Daniel Dumais\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Characteristics of Yellow Birch–Conifer Mixedwoods 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Species Composition 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Structure 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Historical Natural Disturbance Regime 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Natural Development Model 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.2 Young Forest Stage 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.3 Mature Forest Stage 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.4 Old Forest Stage 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Yellow Birch–Conifer Mixedwoods 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Young Forest Stage 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Mature Forest Stage 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Old Forest Stage 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Climate Change Considerations 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Summary 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Ecological Silviculture of Black Spruce in Canadian Boreal Forests 128\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMiguel Montoro Girona, Martin Alcala Pajares, and Maxence Martin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Characteristics of Black Spruce Forests 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Distribution and Composition 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Climate, Soil, and Topography 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Black Spruce Forest Types 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Black Spruce–Feathermoss Forests 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Black Spruce–Lichen Forests 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Black Spruce–Dwarf Shrub Forests 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Developmental Model for Black Spruce Forests 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Emulating Natural Dynamics of Black Spurce Forests with Sivliculture 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Clear-cutting as Tool to Emulate High-severity Wildfire 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Thinning to Restore Complex Structures 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Diameter-Limit Cuts to Emulate Secondary Disturbances of High Severity 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Shelterwoods to Emulate Moderate- Severity Secondary Disturbances 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Selection Harvests to Emulate Low- Severity Disturbances and Background Mortality 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Summary 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Ecological Silviculture for Acadian Forests 141\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert S. Seymour\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction and Context 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Ecological Characteristics 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Models of Disturbance and Stand Development 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Restoration Challenges and Possible Pathways 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Regeneration Treatments at the Mature Forest Stage 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Silvicultural Systems Based on Natural Disturbance Parameters – The Acadian Femelschlag 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Tending Gap Regeneration – The Young Forest Stage 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Locating Skid Trails, Initial Gaps, and Reserve Trees 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Results After 27 Years 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Climate Considerations 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Summary 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Ecological Silviculture for Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forests 156\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert A. York\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Characteristics of Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forests 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 The Disturbance Regime, Composition, and Structure 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Current Silviculture in the Sierra Nevada MCF 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Planted Forests 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Partial Harvests 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.3 Fuel Treatments 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Natural Development Model 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Disturbance, Legacy Creation, and Preforest 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Young Forest 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Mature and Old Forest 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 An Ecological Silviculture System for Mixed Conifer Forests 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Climate Change Considerations 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Using the Natural Development Model to Alter Existing Systems 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Planted Forests 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Partial Harvests 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Fuel Treatments 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Ecological Silviculture for Aspen Mixedwoods in Western Canada 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. Ellen Macdonald, Philip G. Comeau, Charles A. Nock, and Brad D. Pinno\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Natural Disturbance and Successional Dynamics 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Current Silvicultural Approaches 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Ecological Silvicultural Systems for Boreal Mixedwoods in Western Canada 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Harvesting Options for Boreal Mixedwoods Under Ecological Silvicultural Systems 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.1 Retention Harvesting 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.2 Understory Protection Harvesting 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Regeneration Options for Boreal Mixedwoods Under Ecological Silvicultural Systems 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Tending Options for Boreal Mixedwoods Under Ecological Silvicultural Systems 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Policy Challenges 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Climate Change Considerations for Boreal Mixedwood Management 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 How Does This Bring Management Closer to Nature? 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Ecological Silviculture for Interior Ponderosa Pine and Dry Mixed-Conifer Ecosystems 184\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrew J. Larson and Derek J. Churchill\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Characteristics of Ponderosa Pine and Dry- Mixed Conifer Ecosystems 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Composition and Structure 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Disturbance Regime 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Developmental Model 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Ponderosa Pine and Dry- Mixed Conifer Ecosystems 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Incorporating Prescribed Fire in Silvicultural Treatments 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Example Applications of Ecological Silviculture in Contrasting Initial Conditions 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 High Density, Even-Aged 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 High Density, Multi-Cohort with Abundant Fire- and Drought-Tolerant Species 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 High-Density Lacking Healthy Trees of the Desired Species 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Recent Moderate- or High-Severity Wildfire 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Low Density, Multi-Cohort 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Climate Change Considerations 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Summary 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Ecological Silviculture for North American Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforests 199\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJustin S. Crotteau, William J. Beese, John-Pascal Berrill, Robert L. Deal, Constance A. Harrington, and Kellen N. Nelson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Characteristics of Temperate Rainforest Ecosystems 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Tree Composition, Size, and Age Structure 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Natural Disturbances and Stand Development 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Developmental Model 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.1 Preforest Stage 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.2 Young Forest Stage 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.3 Mature Forest Stage 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.4 Old Forest Stage 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for the Temperate Rainforest 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Preforest Stage 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Young Forest Stage (Early) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Young Forest Stage (Late) 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Mature Forest Stage 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.6 Old Forest Stage 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Climate Change Considerations 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Summary 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Ecological Silviculture for Oak Ecosystems of the Central Hardwoods Region, USA 213\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMiranda T. Curzon and John M. Kabrick\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Characteristics of Central Hardwood Forests and Woodlands 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Composition and Structure 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Natural Disturbance 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Natural Developmental Model 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Preforest Stage 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Young Stage 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Mature Stage 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Old Stage 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Ecological Silvicultural Systems for Central Hardwoods Ecosystems 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Preforest Stage 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Young Stage 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Mature Stage 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Old Stage 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Climate Change Considerations 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Summary 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Ecological Silviculture for Fennoscandian Scots Pine Ecosystems 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTimo Kuuluvainen and Timo Pukkala\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Structure, Dynamics, and Composition of Scots Pine Ecosystems 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Dead Standing Kelo Trees as a Key Component of Fennoscandian Pine Forests 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Evolution of Ecological Silviculture of Scots Pine Forests 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Toward Ecological Silviculture for Scots Pine in Fennoscandia 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Reconciling Economic Profitability with Biodiversity: A Case Study Using Any-Aged Forestry 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Ecological Silviculture in Fennoscandia: Policy Context and Future Prospects 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Conclusions 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Silvicultural Systems in the Mountain Ash Forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, South-eastern Australia 244\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid B. Lindenmayer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Ecosystem Characteristics 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Prevailing Silvicultural Systems in Mountain Ash Forests 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Clear-Cutting 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Variable Retention Harvesting Systems 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Natural Development Model and Silviculture 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 The Challenges for Mountain Ash Silviculture: Climate Change and Other Drivers 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 A New Silvicultural Model for Mountain Ash Forests 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Ecological Silviculture for European Beech-Dominated Forest Ecosystems 257\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas A. Nagel, Miroslav Svoboda, Lucie Vítková, and Dušan Roženbergar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Characteristics and Natural Dynamics of European Beech-Dominated Ecosystems 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Composition 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Disturbance Regime 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Developmental Model 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.2 Preforest Stage 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.3 Young Forest Stage 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.5 Old Forest Stage 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Conventional Silvicultural Approach 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Ecological Silviculture for European Beech- Dominated Ecosystems 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Preforest Stage 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 Young Forest Stage 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.4 Mature Forest Stage 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.5 Old Forest Stage 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Climate Change Considerations 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Summary 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Ecological Silviculture for Chilean Temperate Rainforests 271\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePablo J. Donoso and Daniel P. Soto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Characteristics of the Evergreen Forest Type (EFT) 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Composition, Structure, and Growth 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Forest Disturbance and Dynamics 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Secondary Forest Development Following Human Disturbances 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Natural Developmental Model 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Young Forest Stage 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Mature Forest Stage 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Old Forest Stage 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 An Ecological Silvicultural System for the Chilean Hardwood- Dominated Evergreen Forest Type 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Young Forest Stage 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.3 Mature Forest Stage 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.4 Old Forest Stage 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Summary: Ecological Silviculture for Chilean Temperate Forests 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 The Place of Ecological Silviculture, Now and in the Future 286\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnthony W. D’Amato and Brian J. Palik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 A Diversity of Approaches for a Diversity of Forests 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Commonalities Among Ecological Silvicultural Approaches 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Differences Among Ecological Silvicultural Approaches 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Conclusions 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 292\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49083841544535,"sku":"9781119890904","price":68.36,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119890904.jpg?v=1725550187","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/ecological-silvicultural-systems-9781119890904","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}