{"product_id":"distillation-9781119414667","title":"Distillation","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eDistillation Principles and Practice Second Edition\u003c\/b\u003e covers all the main aspects of distillation including the thermodynamics of vapor\/liquid equilibrium, the principles of distillation, the synthesis of distillation processes, the design of the equipment, and the control of process operation.\u003cbr style=\"background-color:\" transparent border-box sourcesanspro neue normal left none box-sizing:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" font-style:=\"\" font-variant:=\"\" font-weight:=\"\" letter-spacing:=\"\" orphans:=\"\" text-align:=\"\" text-decoration:=\"\" text-indent:=\"\" text-transform:=\"\" white-space:=\"\" word-spacing:=\"\"\u003e\u003cbr style=\"background-color:\" transparent border-box sourcesanspro neue normal tex box-sizing:=\"\" color:=\"\" font-family:=\"\" font-size:=\"\" font-style:=\"\" font-variant:=\"\" font-weight:=\"\" letter-spacing:=\"\" orphans:=\"\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Principle of Distillation Separation 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Historical 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Basic Thermodynamic Correlations 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Measures of Concentration 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Equations of State (EOS) 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Molar Mixing and Partial Molar State Variables 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Saturation Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature of Pure Components 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 Fundamental Equation and the Chemical Potential 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.6 Gibbs-Duhem Equation and Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Basic Equilibrium Conditions 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Gibbs Phase Rule 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Correlations for the Chemical Potential 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Calculating Activity Coefficients with the Molar Excess Free Energy 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Thermodynamic Consistency Check of Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Iso-fugacity Condition 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Fugacity of the Liquid Phase 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Fugacity of the Vapor Phase 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Using an Equation of State 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.10 Fugacity of Pure Liquid as Standard Fugacity: Raoult’s Law 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.11 Fugacity of Infinitely Diluted Component as Standard Fugacity: Henry’s Law 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.12 Correlations describing the Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.13 Using Experimental Data of Binary Mixtures for Correlations Describing the Molar\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients .55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.14 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Ratio of Mixtures 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.15 Relative Volatility of Mixtures 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.16 Boiling Condition of Liquid Mixtures 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.17 Condensation (Dew Point) Condition of Vapor Mixtures .62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Binary Mixtures and Phase Diagrams 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Boiling Curve Correlation 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Condensation (Dew Point) Curve Correlation 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 (p, x, y)-Diagram.84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 (T, x, y)-Diagram 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 McCabe-Thiele Diagram 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Boiling and Condensation Behavior of Binary Mixtures 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.7 General Aspects of Azeotropic Mixtures 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.8 Limiting Cases of Binary Mixtures 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Ternary Mixtures 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Boiling and Condensation Conditions of Ternary Mixtures 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Triangular Diagrams 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Boiling Surfaces 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Condensation Surfaces 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Derivation of Distillation Lines .123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Examples for Distillation Lines 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Single Stage Distillation and Condensation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Continuous Closed Distillation and Condensation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Closed Distillation of Binary Mixtures 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Closed Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Batchwise Open Distillation and Open Condensation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Binary Mixtures .152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Ternary Mixtures 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Multicomponent Mixtures 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Semi-continuous Single Stage Distillation 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Semi-continuous Single Stage Distillation of Binary Mixtures 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Multistage Continuous Distillation (Rectification) 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Principles 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Equilibrium-Stage Concept 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Transfer-Unit Concept 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Comparison of Equilibrium-Stage and Transfer-Unit Concepts 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Multistage Distillation of Binary Mixtures 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Calculations Based on Material Balances 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Calculation Based on Material and Enthalpy Balances 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Distillation of Binary Mixtures at Total Reflux and Reboil .192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Distillation of Binary Mixtures at Minimum Reflux and Reboil 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Energy Requirement for Distillation of Binary Mixtures.204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Multistage Distillation of Ternary Mixtures 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Calculations Based on Material Balances 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Distillation of Ternary Mixtures at Total Reflux and Reboil 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Distillation of Ternary Mixtures at Minimum Reflux and Reboil 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Energy Requirement of Ternary Distillation 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Multistage Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Rigorous Column Simulation 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Reactive Distillation, Catalytic Distillation 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Fundamentals 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Chemical Equilibrium 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Stoichiometric Lines 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Non-Reactive and Reactive Distillation Lines .287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Reactive Azeotropes 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Topology of Reactive Distillation Lines 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Reactions in Ternary Systems 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Reactions in Ternary Systems with Inert Components 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Reactions with Side Products 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Reactions in Quaternary Systems.298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Topology of Reactive Distillation Processes 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Single Product Reactions 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Decomposition Reactions.302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Side Reactions 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Arrangement of Catalysts in Columns 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Homogeneous Catalyst.307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Multistage Batch Distillation 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Batch Distillation of Binary Mixtures 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Operation with Constant Reflux 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Operation with Constant Distillate Composition 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Operation with Minimum Energy Input 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Comparison of Energy Requirement for Different Modes of Distillation.327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Batch Distillation of Ternary Mixtures 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Zeotropic Mixtures 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Azeotropic Mixtures 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Batch Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Influence of Column Liquid Hold-up on Batch Distillation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Processes for Separating Zeotropic Mixtures by Batch Distillation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Processes for Separating Azeotropic Mixtures by Batch Distillation 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Processes in One Distillation Field 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Processes in Two Distillation Fields 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Process Simplifications 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Hybrid Processes 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Energy Economization in Distillation 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Energy Requirement of Single Columns 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Reduction of Energy Requirement 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Reduction of Exergy Losses 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Optimal Separation Sequences of Ternary Distillation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Process and Energy Requirement of the a-Path 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Process and Energy Requirement of the c-Path.365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Process and Energy Requirement of the Preferred a\/c-Path 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Modifications of the Basic Processes 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Material (Direct) Coupling of Columns.368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Processes with Side Columns 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Thermal (Indirect) Coupling of Columns 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Design of Heat Exchanger Networks 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Optimum Heat Exchanger Networks 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Modifying the Optimum Heat Exchanger Network 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Dual Flow Heat Exchangers Networks 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Process Modifications 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Industrial Distillation Processes 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Constraints for Industrial Distillation Processes 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fractionation of Binary Mixtures 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Recycling of Diluted Sulfuric Acid 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Ammonia Recovery from Waste Water 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Hydrogen Chloride Recovery from Inert Gases .416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Linde Process for Air Separation 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Process Water Purification 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Steam Distillation 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Fractionation of Multicomponent Zeotropic Mixtures 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Separation Paths 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Processes with Side Columns 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Fractionation of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Mixtures 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Fractionation of Azeotropic Mixtures by Pressure Swing Processes 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Fractionation of Azeotropic Mixtures by Addition of an Entrainer 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Processes for Systems without Distillation Boundary 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Processes for Systems with Distillation Boundary 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Hybrid Processes.455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Industrial Processes of Reactive Distillation 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Synthesis of MTBE 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Synthesis of Mono-Ethylene Glycol 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Synthesis of TAME 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.4 Synthesis of Methyl-Acetate 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Design of Mass Transfer Equipment 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Types of Design 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Tray Columns.482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Packed Columns 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Criteria for Use of Tray or Packed Columns 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Design of Tray Columns 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Design Parameters of Tray Columns 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Operating Region of Tray Columns 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Two-Phase Flow on Trays 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Mass Transfer in the Two-Phase Layer on Column Trays 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Design of Packed Columns 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Design Parameters of Packed Columns 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Operating Region of Packed Columns 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Two-Phase Flow in Packed Columns .548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Mass Transfer in Packed Columns 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Appendix to Chapter 9: Pressure Drop in Packed Beds 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Control of Distillation Processes 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Control Loops 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Single Control Loop 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Ratio Control Loop 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Disturbance Feed Forward Control Loop 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Cascade Control Loop 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Single Control Tasks for Distillation Columns 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Liquid Level Control 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Split Stream Control 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Pressure Control 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Product Concentration Control 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Basic Control Configurations of Distillation Columns 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Basic Control Systems without Composition Control 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 One-Point Composition Control Configurations 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Two-Point Composition Control Configurations 626\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Application Ranges of the Basic Control Configurations 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Impact of Split Parameters according to Split Rule 2.629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Sharp Separations of Ideal Mixtures with Constant Relative Volatility at Minimum\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflux and Boilup Ratio 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Extended Application Ranges of the Basic Control Configurations 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Examples for Control Configurations of Distillation Processes 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Azeotropic Distillation Process by Pressure Change.646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Distillation Process for Air Separation 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Distillation Process with a Main and a Side Column 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Azeotropic Distillation Process by Using an Entrainer 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Control Configurations for Batch Distillation Processes 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 655\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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