{"product_id":"digital-microwave-communication-9780470125342","title":"Digital Microwave Communication","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe first book to cover all engineering aspects of microwave communication path design for the digital age\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed point-to-point microwave systems provide moderate-capacity digital transmission between well-defined locations. Most popular in situations where fiber optics or satellite communication is impractical, it is commonly used for cellular or PCS site interconnectivity where digital connectivity is needed but not economically available from other sources, and in private networks where reliability is most important.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntil now, no book has adequately treated all engineering aspects of microwave communications in the digital age. This important new work provides readers with the depth of knowledge necessary for all the system engineering details associated with fixed point-to-point microwave radio path design: the why, what, and how of microwave transmission; design objectives; engineering methodologies; and design philosophy (in the bid, design, and acceptanc\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A Brief History of Microwave Radio Fixed Point-to-Point (Relay) Communication Systems 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 In the Beginning 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Microwave Telecommunications Companies 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Practical Applications 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Beat Goes On 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Regulation of Microwave Radio Transmissions 20\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Radio Frequency Management 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Testing for Interference 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Radio Paths by FCC Frequency Band in the United States 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Influences in Frequency Allocation and Utilization Policy within the Western Hemisphere 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 FCC Fixed Radio Services 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Site Data Accuracy Requirements 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 FCC Antenna Registration System (ASR) Registration Requirements 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Engineering Microwave Paths Near Airports and Heliports 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microwave Radio Overview 48\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Digital Signaling 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Noise Figure Noise Factor Noise Temperature and Front End Noise 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Digital Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Radio Transmitters and Receivers 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Modulation Format 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 QAM Digital Radios 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Channel Equalization 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Channel Coding 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Radio Configurations 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Frequency Diversity and Multiline Considerations 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Transmission Latency 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Current Trends 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Radio Network Performance Objectives 96\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Customer Service Objectives 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Maintenance Objectives 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Commissioning Objectives 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Design Objectives 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Differences Between North American and European Radio System Objectives 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 North American Telecommunications System Design Objectives 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 International Telecommunications System Design Objectives 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Engineering Microwave Paths to Design Objectives 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Accuracy of Path Availability Calculations 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Impact of Flat Multipath Variability 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Impact of Outage Measurement Methodology 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Impact of External Interference 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Conclusion 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Radio System Components 114\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Microwave Signal Transmission Lines 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Antenna Support Structures 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Tower Rigidity and Integrity 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Transmission Line Management 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Antennas 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Near Field 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Fundamental Antenna Limitations 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Propagation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Propagation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Terrain 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Antenna Placement 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Frequency Band Characteristics 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Path Distances 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.A Appendix 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Designing and Operating Microwave Systems 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Why Microwave Radio? 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Radio System Design 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Designing Low Frequency Radio Networks 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Designing High Frequency Radio Networks 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Field Measurements 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 User Data Interfaces 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Operations and Maintenance 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Maintaining the Network 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Hypothetical Reference Circuits 220\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 North American (NA) Availability Objectives 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 North American Quality Objectives 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 International Objectives 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 International Telecommunication Union Quality Objectives 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Error-Performance Relationship Among BER BBER and SESs 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Microwave Antenna Theory 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Common Parameters 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Passive Reflectors 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Circular (Parabolic) Antennas 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Square Flat Panel Antennas 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Regulatory Near Field Power Density Limits 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Practical Near Field Power Calculations 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Near Field Antenna Coupling Loss 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.A Appendix 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Multipath Fading 320\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Flat and Dispersive Fading 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.A Appendix 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Microwave Radio Diversity 348\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Space Diversity 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Dual-Frequency Diversity 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Quad (Space and Frequency) Diversity 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Hybrid Diversity 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Multiline Frequency Diversity 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Crossband Multiline 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Angle Diversity 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.A Appendix 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Rain Fading 384\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Point (Single-Location) Rain Loss (Fade) Estimation 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Path Rain-Fade Estimation 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Point-to-Path Length Conversion Factor 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Single-Location Rain Rate R 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 City Rain Rate Data for North America 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 New Rain Zones 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Worst-Month Rain Rates 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Point Rain Rate Variability 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Examples of Rain-Loss-Dominated Path Designs 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Conclusions 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.A Appendix 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Ducting and Obstruction Fading 461\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Superrefraction (Ducting) 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Subrefraction (Earth Bulge or Obstruction) 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Minimizing Obstruction Fading 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Obstruction Fading Model 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Obstruction Fading Estimation 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Bell Labs Seasonal Parameter Charts 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Refractivity Data Limitations 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Reviewing the Bell Labs Seasonal Parameter Charts 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Obstruction Fading Parameter Estimation 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Evaluating Path Clearance Criteria 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.A Appendix: North American Refractivity Index Charts 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.B Appendix: Worldwide Obstruction Fading Data 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Reflections and Obstructions 514\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Theoretical Rough Earth Reflection Coefficient 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Scattering from Earth Terrain 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Practical Earth Reflection Coefficient 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Reflection Location 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Smooth Earth Divergence Factor 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Reflections from Objects Near a Path 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Fresnel Zones 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Antenna Launch Angle (Transmit or Receive Antenna Takeoff Angle) 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Grazing Angle 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Additional Path Distance 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Estimating the Effect of a Signal Reflected from the Earth 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Flat Earth Obstruction Path Loss 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Smooth Earth Obstruction Loss 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 Knife-Edge Obstruction Path Gain 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15 Rounded-Edge Obstruction Path Gain 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16 Complex Terrain Obstruction Losses 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.A Appendix 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Digital Receiver Interference 559\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Composite Interference (T\/T ) Criterion 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (C\/I) Criterion 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Measuring C\/I 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Estimating C\/I 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Threshold to Interference (T\/I) Criterion 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Why Estimate T\/I 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 T\/I Estimation—Method One 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 T\/I Estimation—Method Two 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Conclusion 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.A Appendix 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.B Appendix: Receiver Parameters 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Network Reliability Calculations 573\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Hardware Reliability 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 System Reliability 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Communication Systems 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Application to Radio Configurations 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Spare Unit Requirements 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 BER Estimation 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Path Performance Calculations 587\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Path Loss 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Fade Margin 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Path Performance 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Allowance for Interference 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 North American (NA) Path Performance Calculations 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 International Telecommunication Union—Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Path Performance Calculations 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Rain Fading and Obstruction Fading (NA and ITU-R) 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Comparing the North American and the ITU-R Flat-Fading Estimates 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Diffraction and Vegetation Attenuation 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Fog Attenuation 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Air Attenuation 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.A Appendix 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Microwave Formulas and Tables 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 General 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.1 General 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.2 Scientific and Engineering Notation 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.3 Emission Designator 655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.4 Typical Commercial Parabolic Antenna Gain (dBi) 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.5 Typical Rectangular Waveguide 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.6 Typical Rectangular Waveguide Data 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.7 Typical Copper Corrugated Elliptical Waveguide Loss 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.8 Typical Copper Circular Waveguide Loss 658\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.9 Rectangular Waveguide Attenuation Factors 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.10 CommScope Elliptical Waveguide Attenuation Factors 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.11 RFS Elliptical Waveguide Attenuation Factors 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.12 Elliptical Waveguide Cutoff Frequencies 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.13 Circular Waveguide Cutoff Frequencies 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.14 Typical Coaxial Microwave Connectors 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.15 Coaxial Cable Velocity Factors 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.16 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable Attenuation Factors 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.17 Frequency Bands General Users 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.18 Frequency Bands Fixed Point to Point Operators 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.19 Frequency Bands Radar Space and Satellite Operators 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.20 Frequency Bands Electronic Warfare Operators 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.21 Frequency Bands Great Britain Operators 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable A.22 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Demodulator 10−6 BER 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Radio Transmission 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3 Antennas (Far Field) 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4 Near-Field Power Density 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.5 Antennas (Close Coupled) 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.6 Path Geometry 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.7 Obstruction Loss 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.8 Mapping 698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.9 Towers 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.10 Interpolation 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Personnel and Equipment Safety Considerations 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 General Safety Guidelines 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 Equipment Protection 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3 Equipment Considerations 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.4 Personnel Protective Equipment 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.5 Accident Prevention Signs 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.6 Tower Climbing 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.7 Hand Tools 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.8 Electrical Powered Tools 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.9 Soldering Irons 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.10 Ladders 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.11 Hoisting or Moving Equipment 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.12 Batteries 717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.13 Laser Safety Guidelines 717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.14 Safe Use of Lasers and LED in Optical Fiber Communication Systems 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.15 Optical Fiber Communication System (OFCS) Service Groups (SGs) 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.16 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.17 Maximum Permissible Microwave Radio RF Exposure 720\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.18 Protect Other Radio Users [FCC] 720\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.19 PAUSE (Prevent all Unplanned Service Events) and Ask Yourself (Verizon and AT\u0026amp;T Operations) 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.20 Protect Yourself (Bell System Operations) 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.21 Parting Comment 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 723\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53515414831447,"sku":"9780470125342","price":113.36,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/digital-microwave-communication-9780470125342","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}