{"product_id":"design-economics-for-the-built-environment-9780470659090","title":"Design Economics for the Built Environment","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe drive towards environmentally friendly buildings and infrastructure has led to a growing interest in providing design solutions underpinned by the core principles of sustainability to balance economic, social and environmental factors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEditors and Contributors xii \u003cp\u003eForeword xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I THEORIES, PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Economic Context, Policy Environment and the Changing Role of Design Economists 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHerbert Robinson and Barry Symonds\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The economic context 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Globalisation of construction market 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The policy environment and the construction industry 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Current and emerging role of design economists 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Theories and Principles of Design Economics 16\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHerbert Robinson and Barry Symonds\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Factors affecting design costs and benefits 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Capital cost theory 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Whole life cost theory 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Value management theory 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Value of design theory 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Carter’s model 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Resource]based theory 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 New Approaches and Rules of Measurement for Cost Estimating and Planning 31\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Symonds, Peter Barnes and Herbert Robinson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The standardisation of cost estimating 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The RICS NRM 1 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 RIBA plan of work, RICS estimating, cost planning and NRM 1 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Cost estimating and cost planning 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis (SFCA) 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Benchmarking (cost limits) 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Building information modelling 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Concluding remarks 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Relationship between Building Height and Construction Costs 47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Picken and Benedict Ilozor\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Research in the 1970s and 1980s 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 More recent research in Hong Kong and Shanghai 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Appraisal of Design to Determine Viability of Development Schemes 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHerbert Robinson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Assessing costs and benefits of design alternatives 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Appraisal of design using discounting methods 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Appraisal of design using residual technique 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Case study of the blackfriars development project 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Concluding remarks 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Eco-cost Associated with Tall Buildings 80\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePeter de Jong and J.W.F. Hans Wamelink\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Overview of the Dutch housing market and land use planning 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Eco-costs\/value ratio and the EVR model 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Applying the EVR model to housing 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 EVR and tall buildings 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Embedding EVR in other sustainable ranking methods 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Productivity in Construction Projects 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShamil Naoum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Concept and measurement of productivity 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Previous literature on factors affecting site productivity 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Productivity survey 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Proposed framework for site productivity 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion and further research 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Design Variables and Whole-Life Cost Modelling 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrea Pelzeter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Whole-life cost modelling 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Steps in LCC modelling 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Design principles to optimise lcc 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 A worked example of an office façade 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Inclusion of carbon emissions into wlc modelling 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Limitations of wlc 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Concluding remarks 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Procurement and Contract Strategy: Risks Allocation and Construction Cost 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn Adriaanse and Herbert Robinson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Procurement strategy and contract selection 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Wembley stadium case study 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Allocation of risks and forms of contract 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Risks and construction costs 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Procurement systems and contract issues 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Alternative forms of procurement 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Concluding remarks 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Sustainable Design, Investment and Value 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas Lützkendorf and David Lorenz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Formulation of project goals 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Identifying value-related characteristics 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The performance approach 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Use of sustainability assessment systems 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Relationship between sustainable credentials and value 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Concluding remarks 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Carbon Reduction and Fiscal Incentives for Sustainable Design 152\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Farey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Key drivers of owners and occupiers 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Reducing demand for energy in buildings 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Fiscal drivers 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Reliefs and allowances 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Subsidies and incentives 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusion 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Environmental Assessment Tools: An Overview of the UK’s BREEAM and the US’s LEED 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIna Colombo, Benedict Ilozor and Herbert Robinson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Context and the need to design to reduce carbon emission 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Key features of environmental assessment tools 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 The Breeam tool 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 The LEED tool 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Concluding remarks 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Space Planning and Organisational Performance 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBenedict Ilozor\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Organisational performance and innovative work settings 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Hypotheses and test results 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Discussion 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusions 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Achieving Zero Carbon in Sustainable Communities 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMalgorzata Jacewicz and Herbert Robinson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Key concepts and principles 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Key features of decentralised energy networks 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Activity-based design approach 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Key steps in the design process 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Evaluating energy, space and land requirements 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Concluding remarks 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Flood Risk Mitigation: Design Considerations and Cost Implications for New and Existing Buildings 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRotimi Joseph, David Proverbs and Jessica Lamond\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Increasing challenges of flooding due to global warming and urban development 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Flood mitigation 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Flood mitigation consideration for new buildings at design stage 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Implications of mitigation measures in terms of building cost 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Implications of mitigation measures in terms of property value and insurance cost 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Conclusions 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE, CASE STUDIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Reusing Knowledge and Leveraging Technology to Reduce Design and Construction Costs 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHerbert Robinson and Chika Udeaja\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Knowledge reuse in construction processes and projects 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Knowledge reuse in construction projects 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Leveraging knowledge systems to reduce time and costs 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 4Projects knowledge solution 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Case studies and discussions 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Concluding remarks 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Sustainable Design Economics and Property Valuation: An Industry Perspective 240\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarry Gilbertson, Ann Heywood, Ian Selby and John Symes-Thompson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Sustainable design economics and property valuation 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Data collection 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 UK government impact 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 The valuation process 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusion 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Cost Planning of Construction Projects: An Industry Perspective 248\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJon Scott\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Concept and format of a cost plan 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 How a cost plan is put together 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 How the cost plan evolves through the riba design stages 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Main factors that affect the overall cost of a building 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Impact of sustainability on cost plans 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Recent developments in BIM and the implications for cost planning 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Conclusion 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Life Cycle Costing and Sustainability Assessments: An Industry Perspective with Case Studies 262\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSean Lockie\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Sustainability considerations in design 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Using the life cycle costing standards 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Case study 1 – whole building 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Case study 2 – lighting 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Concluding remarks 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Designing Super-Tall Buildings for Increased Resilience: New Measures and Cost Considerations 284\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJames Hayhoe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Challenges of tall buildings and the need for increased resilience 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Factors influencing design and cost of tall buildings 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Design of counter-terrorism measures 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Cost of new measures and design 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Concluding remarks 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Building Information Modelling: A New Approach to Design, Quantification, Costing, and Schedule Management with Case Studies 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAviad Almagor and Barry Symonds\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Concept of Bim 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Integration and dataflow 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Model Progression Specification: Developing a common language 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Quality 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Cost planning 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Construction schedule 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Conclusion and future directions 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Case Study: Value Engineering and Management Focusing on Groundworks and Piling Packages 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard Powell\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Why VM? 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 When and where is VM applied? 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Value management implemention and tools used 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Practical benefits and savings 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Reflection and concluding remarks 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Case Study: Value Engineering of a New Office Development with Retail Provision 330\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Ullmer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Why value management? 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 When and where is value management applied? 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Value management implementation and tools used 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Practical benefits and savings 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Concluding remarks 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Case Studies: Sustainable Design, Innovation and Competitiveness in Construction Firms 336\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eArthlene Amos and Herbert Robinson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Background and context 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Key drivers of sustainability in design and construction 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Case studies 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Findings and discussions 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Concluding Remarks 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Case Study: Retrofitting Building Services Design and Sustainability in Star Island 356\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eVictoria Hardy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Initial study or analysis to identify problems 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Funding for capital improvement plan 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Evaluation of design options and the cost implications 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Proposed design solution and costs 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Concluding remarks 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Case Studies: Maximising Design and Construction Opportunities through Fiscal Incentives 362\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Farey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Strategic considerations 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Capital allowances planning 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Enhanced capital allowances (ECA) 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Land remediation relief (LRR) 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Value added tax 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7 Taxation anti-avoidance 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8 Conclusion 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Mapping Sustainability in the Quantity Surveying Curriculum: Educating Tomorrow’s Design Economists 372\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChika Udeaja, Damilola Ekundayo, Lei Zhou, John Pearson and Srinath Perera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Literature review on sustainability issues 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Development of the Sustainability Framework 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Mapping of Sustainability Education in QS Degree Programmes 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Discussion and conclusions 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A: UK Property Investment Yields (December 2013) 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B: IPD\/RICS Sustainability Inspection Checklist 2014 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 392\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default 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