{"product_id":"dcdc-converter-topologies-9781119612421","title":"DCDC Converter Topologies","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eDC-DC Converter Topologies\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA comprehensive look at DC-DC converters and advanced power converter topologies for all skills levels\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs it can be rare for source voltage to meet the requirements of a Direct Current (DC) load, DC-DC converters are essential to access service. DC-DC power converters employ power semiconductor devices (like MOSFETs and IGBTs) as switches and passive elements such as capacitors, inductors, and transformers to alter the voltage provided by a DC source into the necessary DC voltage as is required by a DC load. This source can be a battery, solar panels, fuel cells, or a DC bus voltage fed by rectified AC utility voltage. As the many components of DC-DC converters can be differently arranged into circuit structures called topologies, there are as many possible circuit topologies as there are possible combinations of circuit elements. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFocusing on DC-DC switch-mode power converters ranging from 50 W to 10kW, \u003ci\u003eDC-DC Converter Topologies\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Basic Concepts 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Linear Voltage Regulators 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Switch-Mode Power Supply Fundamentals 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Buck Converter 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Boost Converter 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Buck–Boost Converter 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 PWM Converters with Voltage Step-Up and Step-Down Capabilities 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Cuk Converter 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Zeta Converter 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Comparison Between Converters with Voltage Step-Up and Step-Down Capabilities 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Interleaved Converters 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Semiconductor Devices 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Silicon Diodes 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Silicon MOSFETs 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Silicon IGBTs 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Gate Drive Circuits 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Wide Bandgap Devices 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Snubbers 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusion 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Non-isolated Zero-voltage Switching PWM Converters 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Basic ZVS Principles for MOSFETS 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 ZVS-PWM Quasi-Square-Wave DC–DC Converters 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 ZVS-PWM DC–DC Converters with Auxiliary Circuits 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Nonresonant Auxiliary Circuits 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Resonant Auxiliary Circuits 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Dual Auxiliary Circuits 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Miscellaneous Considerations 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Application-Specific ZVS-PWM Converters 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 ZVS-PWM Techniques in Converters with Wide Bandgap Devices 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusion 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Non-isolated Zero-current Switching PWM Converters 46\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 ZCS-PWM Converters with Series-Resonant Auxiliary Circuits 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 ZCS-PWM Converter with Fully Resonant Auxiliary Circuit 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 ZCS-PWM Converter with Modified Resonant Auxiliary Circuit 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Converter with Hard-Switching Auxiliary Circuit 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 ZCS-PWM Boost Converters with Conventional PWM Converter Main Switch Current Stress 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 ZCS-PWM Converter with Series Boost Diode 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 ZCS-PWM Converter with Output Resonance 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 ZCT-PWM Converters with Parallel Auxiliary Circuit 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 ZVSZCS-PWM Boost Converters 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusion 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Basic Isolated Converters 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Transformer Models 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Flyback Converter 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Forward Converter 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Variations on the Forward Converter 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Forward Converter with RCD Snubber 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Forward Converter with LCDD Snubber 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Forward Converter with Regenerative Energy Snubber 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Basic Two-Switch Isolated Converters 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Two-Switch Forward Converter 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Push–Pull Converter 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Half-Bridge Converter 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Full-Bridge Converter 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Secondary-side Implementations in Isolated DC–DC Converters 82\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Synchronous Rectifiers 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Current Doublers 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Multi-Output Converters 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Conclusion 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Soft-switching Forward and Flyback Converters 102\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Forward Converters with Resonant Reset 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Active Clamp Converter 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Modes of Operation 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Design Considerations 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Active Clamp Flyback Converter 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Alternatives to the Active Clamp Converter 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Forward Converters 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Flyback Converters 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Converters with Regenerative Energy Snubber 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusion 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The ZVS-PWM Full-bridge Converter 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 DC–DC PWM Full-Bridge Converter with Basic PWM Control 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 ZVS-PWM Full-Bridge Converter with Phase-Shift PWM 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Issues Related to the Operation of ZVS-PWM PWM Full-Bridge Converter 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 ZVS Operation 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Duty-Cycle Loss 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Voltage Ringing 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 ZVS-PWM PWM Full-Bridge Converter Design Considerations 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Light Load Operation and Hybrid PWM 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 ZVS PWM Full-Bridge Converters with Wide Bandgap Devices 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Variations on the Conventional Zero-voltage-Switching DC–DC PWM Full-bridge Converter 144\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Modified ZVS-PWM DC–DC Full-Bridge Converter with Saturable Reactors 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Modified ZVS-PWM-FB Converter with Primary-Side Saturable Reactor 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Modified ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Secondary-Side Saturable Reactors 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Modified ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Passive Series Auxiliary Circuits 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Passive Parallel Auxiliary Circuits 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Passive Parallel Auxiliary Circuits with a Transformer 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 ZVS-PWM-FB Converter with a Passive Auxiliary Series Auxiliary Circuit with a Transformer 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Passive Parallel Auxiliary Circuits and Reduced Output Current Ripple 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Active Auxiliary Circuits 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 ZVS-PWM-FB Converter with a Single Active Auxiliary Circuit 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 ZVS-PWM-FB Converters Based on Dual Half-Bridge Converters 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 ZVS-PWM-FB Converters with Modified Secondary-Side Circuits for ZVS Operation 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Conclusion 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Zero-voltage-zero-current-switching DC–DC Full-bridge PWM Converters 174\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Fundamental ZVZCS-PWM DC–DC Full-Bridge Converter 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 ZVZCS-PWM DC–DC Full-Bridge Converters with Secondary Auxiliary Circuit 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Variations of ZVZCS Converters for Full ZVS or Full ZCS Operation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 ZVS Converters 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 ZCS Converters 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 ZVS-PWM Converters Based on ZVZCS-PWM Converters with Triangular Primary Current Waveform 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusion 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Isolated Current-fed DC–DC PWM Converters 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Basic Current-Fed Push–Pull Converter 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Basic Two-Inductor Current-Fed Converter 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Modified Two-Inductor Current-Fed Converter with Auxiliary Transformer 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Basic Current-Fed Full-Bridge Topology 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Current-Fed DC–DC Full-Bridge Converters with Blocking Diodes 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Current-Fed DC–DC Full-Bridge Converters without Blocking Diodes 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 ZVS-PWM Active-Clamp Full-Bridge Converter 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 ZCS-PWM Full-Bridge Converter with Parallel Auxiliary Circuit 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Resonant Converters Part I – Fundamentals 222\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Resonant Power Conversion Fundamentals 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Fundamental Resonant DC–DC Converters 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Resonant Converter Analysis Using First Harmonic Approximation Method 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Series-Resonant Converter vs Parallel-Resonant Converter 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Series-Parallel-Resonant Converter 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 LLC Resonant Converter 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Other Resonant DC–DC Converters 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Resonant Converters Part II – PWM Controlled, Quasi-resonant, and Ultrahigh-frequency Converters 248\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Fixed Frequency Resonant Converters 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Full-Bridge Resonant Converters Operated with Phase-Shift PWM 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Resonant Converters Operated with Asymmetrical PWM 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Adding Variable Resonant Components 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Quasi-Resonant Converters 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Resonant Pulse Converters 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Fixed-Frequency Quasi-Resonant Converters 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Ultrahigh Frequency Converters 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Multi-Resonant Converters 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Ultrahigh Frequency Converters Based on Radio-Frequency Amplifier Circuits 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Ultrahigh Frequency Converters with Air-Core Inductors 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusion 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Three-level DC–DC Converters 273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Fundamental Three-Level DC–DC PWM Converters 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Neutral-Point-Clamped Three-Level DC–DC Converter 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Flying Capacitor Three-Level DC–DC Converter 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Three-Level DC–DC Converter with Series Blocking Capacitor 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 Comparison of Fundamental Three-Level DC–DC Converter Topologies 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Modified Three-Level DC–DC Converters 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 ZVS Three-Level Converters 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 ZVZCS Three-Level Converters 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Stacked Converters 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Three-Level DC–DC Converters in Applications with Low and Conventional DC Bus Voltage 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 High Gain Converters 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Voltage Multiplier Circuits 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Output Voltage Multiplier Circuits 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Internal Voltage Multiplier Circuits 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Switched Capacitor Converters 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Voltage-Lift and Switched Inductor Converters 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Cascaded and Quadratic Converters 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Converters with Magnetic Coupling 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Tapped Inductor Converters 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Coupled Inductor Converters 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Transformer-Coupled Converters 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Multi-Level and Interleaved Converters 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Multi-Level Converters 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Interleaved Converters 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Hybrid Converters and Converter Selection 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Conclusion 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Three-phase DC–DC Converters 343\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Fundamental Voltage-Fed Three-Phase DC–DC PWM Converter 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Basic Operating Principles with Symmetrical PWM 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Operation with Asymmetrical PWM 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Modified Output Section with Three Output Diodes 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Resonant Converters 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Parallel Resonant Converter Based on the Fundamental Converter 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Three-Phase Series-Parallel Resonant Converters with Variable and Fixed Switching Frequency Operation 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Three-Phase Current-Fed DC–DC PWM Converters 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Three-Phase ZVS Active Clamp Converter 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Three-Phase ZCS Converter 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Higher-Power Three-Phase DC–DC Converters 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 High-Power Converter with Three Single-Phase PWM Full-Bridges 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 High-Power Converter with Three Single-Phase Resonant Full-Bridges 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Three-Switch Three-Phase DC–DC PWM Converters 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Three-Phase Push-Pull Converter 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 ZVS Active Clamp Converter 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 ZCS Converter with Secondary-Side Resonance 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Converter with Mini-Flyback Snubber 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Miscellaneous Three-Phase Converter Examples 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Three-Phase DC–DC Multi-Level Converter 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Three-Phase DC–DC High-Gain Converter 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Three-Phase Transformer Implementations 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Conclusion 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Bidirectional and Dual Active Bridge Converters 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Basic Non-Isolated Bidirectional Converters 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 ZVS Operation of the Fundamental Buck-Boost Bidirectional Converter 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Bidirectional Quasi-Square Wave Converter 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Four-Switch Buck-Boost Converter 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Active Auxiliary Circuits 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Bidirectional Converter Topologies with Transformer Isolation 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Dual Active Bridge Converters 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Dual Active Bridge Half-Bridge Converter 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Dual Active Bridge PWM Full-Bridge Converters 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusion 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Miscellaneous DC–DC Converters 391\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Z-Source Converters 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Low Voltage Gain Converters for Voltage Regulator Modules 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 T-Type Converters 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Multi-Port Converters 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Non-Isolated Multi-Input Converters 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Isolated Multi-Port Converters 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 427\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51039266636119,"sku":"9781119612421","price":108.86,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119612421.jpg?v=1750943105","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/dcdc-converter-topologies-9781119612421","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}