{"product_id":"concise-handbook-of-fluorocarbon-gases-9781119322979","title":"Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book describes fluorocarbons gases' preparation process, properties, applications and their evolution over time. The impact of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer and global and the development to mitigate those effects have been specially emphasized.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920's, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gase\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Terminology 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorocarbons 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Fluorocarbon Consumption Demand 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoropolymers 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoroelastomers 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorinated Coatings 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Specialty Fluorochemicals 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Classification and Description of Commercial Fluorinated Compounds 13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Fluorocarbons 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Designations for Fluorocarbons 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Fluoropolymers and Fluoroelastomers 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Fluoropolymers 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Fluoroelastomers 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Fluorinated Coatings 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Summary 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Fluorine Sources and Basic Fluorocarbon Reactions 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Role of Fluorine in Fluorocarbons 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Fluorine Sources 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Fluorocarbon Compounds 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Hydrofluoric Acid 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Aliphatic Fluorinated Organic Compounds 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Synthesis of Fluorocarbons 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Applications of Fluorocarbon Gases and Liquids 41\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Refrigeration Applications 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.1 Chillers 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.2 Cold Storage Warehouses 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.3 Commercial Ice Machines 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.5 Ice Skating Rinks 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.6 Industrial Process Air Conditioning 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.7 Industrial Process Refrigeration 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.8 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.9 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.10 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.11 Residential Dehumidifiers 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.12 Refrigerated Transport 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.13 Retail Food Refrigeration 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.14 Vending Machines 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.15 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.16 Water Coolers 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Oil in Refrigerants 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Oil Return 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Monomers and Intermediates 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Foam Blowing 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Foam Blowing Agents 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Foaming Process 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Flexible Polyurethane Foams 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Aerosol Propellants 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Fire Extinguishing Agents 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Aerospace Fire Extinguishing 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Cleaning and Drying Solvents 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Carrier Fluids\/Lubricant Deposition 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Heat Transfer 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Etchants 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 What is Etching? 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 Fluorocarbon Etchants 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Medical Applications 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.1 Enfluorane 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.2 Isoflurane 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.3 Desflurane 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.4 Sevoflurane 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.5 Methoxyflurane 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Usage of HCFCs and HFCs 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.1 Introduction 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Breakdown of Fluorocarbons in Applications 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Summary 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Refrigeration Cycle and Refrigerant Selection: How Refrigerant Gases Work? 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Refrigeration Cycle 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Selection of Right Refrigerant 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Refrigerant Blends 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Comparison of Refrigerator and Air Conditioning Systems 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Preparation of Fluorocarbons 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Classification of Fluorocarbons 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Preparation of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Longevity of Process Catalysts 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Fluorocarbon Replacements of CFCs 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Substitutes for CFCs: HCFC and HFC 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Preparation of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Preparation of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Preparation of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Preparation Perfluorinated Alkanes 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Properties of Fluorocarbons 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Environmental, Safety, Health and Sustainability 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Montreal Protocol 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Ozone Depletion 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Global Warming 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Paris Agreement 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Phase Out of Old Fluorocarbon Gases 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Status of Phase Out of HCFCs 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Summary 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Fluorocarbon Blends 241\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 General Blend Characteristics 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Azeotropic 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Zeotropic Blends 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Low GWP HFO and HFO\/HFC Blends 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Flammability of Blends 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Substitute Fluorocarbons and Other Compounds 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 SNAP Program (EPA, www.epa.gov\/snap\/overview-snap) 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Guiding Principles of the SNAP Program? 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 EPA’s Criteria for Evaluating Alternatives? 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Atmospheric Effects 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Exposure Assessments 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Toxicity Data 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Flammability 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Other Environmental Impacts 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Alternatives for Refrigeration 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Chillers 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Cold Storage Warehouses 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Commercial Ice Machines 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Ice Skating Rinks 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6 Industrial Process Refrigeration 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.7 Refrigerated Transport 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.8 Retail Food Refrigeration 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.9 Vending Machines 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.10 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.11 Water Coolers 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Alternatives for Air Conditioning 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Industrial Process Air Conditioning 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Residential Dehumidifiers 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Future Directions of Fluorocarbons 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Inception and Evolution of Fluorocarbons 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Classification of Refrigerants 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 First Generation (Prior to 1930) 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Second Generation (1931–1990) 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Third Generation (1990–2010) 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Fourth Generation (Beyond 2010) 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Hydrofluoroolefin Fluorocarbons 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Natural Refrigerants 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Carbon Dioxide 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Hydrocarbons 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Ammonia 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Phase Out of Fluorocarbon Gases 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Future Directions of Refrigerants 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Towards the Future 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2.1 Innovation 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2.2 Innovation Accelerating Transition 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2.3 Speed Bumps 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2.4 New Developments 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusions 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix I 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix II 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix III 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 403\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52151246487895,"sku":"9781119322979","price":143.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119322979.jpg?v=1762960567","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/concise-handbook-of-fluorocarbon-gases-9781119322979","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}