{"product_id":"compositional-failure-anal-of-polymers-a-practical-approach-9780471625728","title":"Compositional  Failure Anal of Polymers A","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolymers are analyzed to determine their properties and characteristics in order to select the best material for a specific purpose, and to determine why a material has failed. Polymer laboratories use a variety of analytical techniques such as Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"an invaluable guide to all analysts and \u003cbr\u003e  polymer engineers in industrial and \u003cbr\u003e  academic laboratories: it can therefore \u003cbr\u003e  be recommended without any \u003cbr\u003e  reservations.\" (Macromolecular \u003cbr\u003e  Chemistry and Physics, Vol.202, \u003cbr\u003e  No.6, 2001)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xxxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary xxxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A Methodology for Solving Polymer Problems 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Flow Diagram for Solving Polymer Problems 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Dealing with Special Problem Classes 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Product Life Cycle 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Checklist and Worksheet for Organizing the Problem-Solving Process 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Sampling 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Sample Storage 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Sample Preparation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microscopy of Polymers 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Optical Microscopy Techniques 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Electron Microscopy 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Special Microscopic Techniques 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Practical Examples of the Uses of Microscopy in Polymer Analysis 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis Methods for Polymers 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 FTIR Techniques 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Special IR Techniques 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Sample Preparation 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 FTIR Analysis of Difficult Sample Forms 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Interpreting and Validating FTIR Data 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Derivatization Techniques 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Thermal Analysis of Polymers 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.11 Evaluating Heat Ageing of Amorphous Polymers 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Dynamic Mechanical Rheological Testing 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Thermomechanical Analysis 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Glass Transition Temperature and its Determination 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Thermogravimetry 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Thermal Volatilization Analysis 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Identification and Analysis of Polymers 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Examples of Analytical Techniques used for Common Polymers 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Analysis of Blends, Copolymers and Oligomers 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Polymer Blends 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Copolymers 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Oligomers 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Identification and Analysis of Thermoset Elastomers 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Thermogravimeny 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Carbon-Filled Rubbers 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Rubber Identification by Pyrolysis Methods 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Analysis of Specific Rubber Types 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Analysis of 'Difficult' or Intractable Polymer Samples 230\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003el Introduction 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 FTIR Spectroscopic Techniques for Difficult Samples 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Pyrolysis of Intractable Samples 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Thennogravimetry 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Laser-Desorption Fourier-Transfonn Mass Spectrometry 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Analysis of Additives in Polymers and Elastomers 240\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Grinding 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Additive Extraction 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Analysis Methods 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 In situ Additive Analysis in Rubbers 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Miscellaneous Examples of Additive Analysis Methods 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Analysis of Contaminants and Inclusions in Polymers 270\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction   270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Classes of Typical Contamination 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Techniques for Analysis of Contamination 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Optical Microscopy 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Gel Particles and other Inclusions 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Mechanical Failure Mechanisms of Polymers 304\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Tensile Failure 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Shear Failure 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Compressive Failure 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Crazing 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Shear Banding 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Creep 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Fatigue Failure 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Impact Fracture 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Physical Ageing 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Failure Due to Temperature Effects 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Maximum- and Minimum-Use Temperatures 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Failure Due to Improper Processing 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 General Examples of Polymer Failure 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 Failure of Medical Plastics 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 Failure of Polymers and Elastomers by Explosive Decompression 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 Failure Analysis by Fractography 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Chemical Attack of Polymers 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Factors Determining Chemical Resistance 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Types of Chemical Attack 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Analysis Methods for Assessing Chemical Degradation 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Case Study 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Oxidative Degradation of Polymers 397\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Accelerated Ageing Techniques 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Testing Methods 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Failure of Fibre-Reinforced Composites 449\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Fibre Adhesion in Composites 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Failure of Composites due to Manufacturing and Cure-Related Factors 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Failure Behaviour of Composites 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Failure of Composites due to Thermal Effects 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Effects of Moisture on Composites 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Chemical Attack on Composites 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Oxidative Degradation 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Photo-Oxidative Degradation of Fibre Reinforcements 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Radiation Degradation of Composites 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Failure Testing of Composites 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Fractography of Composites 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Problems Related to Additives in Polymers 482\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Blooming 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Sublimation 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Plateout     488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Die Drool 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Bleeding 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Additive Migration 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Additive Interactions 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Additive Decomposition 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Additive-Induced Polymer Decomposition 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Additive Dispersion Problems 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Effect of Additives on the Polymers Mechanical Properties 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 Pigment-Induced Distortion 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 Abrasion 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Weathering of Polymers 518\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Preliminary Investigations 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Case Studies 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Problems with Other Polymer Types and Applications 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Polymer Weatherability Assessment (Accelerated Weathering) 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Environmental Stress Cracking of Polymers 546\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 ESC Mechanisms 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Special Applications where ESC is likely to Occur 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Testing Methods to Determine ESC Resistance 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Surface-Tension and Solubility-Parameter Effects 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 ESC Behaviour of Particular Polymers 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Investigating an ESC Failure 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 ESC Case Study 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Residual Stresses and Weld Lines in Polymers 587\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Residual Stresses and Molecular Orientation 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Weldlines 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Shrinkage and Warpage 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Odour, Tainting and Outgassing Problems with Polymers 622\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Odour Problems in Polymers 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Taste and Off-Flavours 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Out-Gassing 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Volatiles in Polymers and Their Detection 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Adhesion Problems with Polymers and Interfaces 647\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Case Studies 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Common Classes of Polymerie Adhesives 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Common Causes of Adhesive Failure 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Voids, Blisters and Surface Defects 670\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Voids 670\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Blisters 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Surface Defects 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Discoloration of Polymers 692\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Introduction 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Polyolefins 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Aromatic Polymers Containing Ph–O or Ph–N Linkages 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Aromatic Polymers containing Ph–C=O or Ph–S Linkages 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Nitrile Polymers 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Vinyl Polymers 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Miscellaneous Polymers 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Radiation Yellowing 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 741\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons 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