{"product_id":"communication-engineering-principles-9781119274025","title":"Communication Engineering Principles","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFor those seeking a thorough grounding in modern communication engineering principles delivered with unrivaled clarity using an engineering-first approach\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCommunication Engineering Principles,\u003c\/i\u003e 2nd Edition provides readers with comprehensive background information and instruction in the rapidly expanding and growing field of communication engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book is well-suited as a textbook in any of the following courses of study:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eTelecommunication\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMobile Communication\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSatellite Communication\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOptical Communication\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectronics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComputer Systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimarily designed as a textbook for undergraduate programs, \u003ci\u003eCommunication Engineering Principles,\u003c\/i\u003e 2nd Edition can also be highly valuable in a variety of MSc programs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCommunication Engineering Principles\u003c\/i\u003e grounds its readers in the core concepts and theory required for an in-depth understanding of the subject. It also covers \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Overview of Communication Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Nonelectrical Telecommunication 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Verbal Nonelectrical Telecommunication 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.1 Flags, Smoke, and Bonfires 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.2 Heliography 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.3 Semaphore 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.4 Demerits of Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Modern Telecommunication 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Developments in Character Codes 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.1 Morse Code 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.2 Baudot Code 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.3 Hollerith Code 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.4 EBCDIC Code 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.5 ASCII Code 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.6 ISO 8859 Code 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.7 Unicode 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Developments in Services 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Telegram 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Telex 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.3 Facsimile 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.4 The Digital Era 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Developments in Transmission Media 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.1 Copper Cable 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.2 Radio 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.3 Optical Fibre 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Communication System Elements 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Information Source 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.1 Audio Input Devices 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.2 Video Input Devices 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.3 Data Input Devices 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.4 Sensors 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Information Sink 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2.1 Audio Output Device 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2.2 Visual Display Devices 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2.3 Storage Devices 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Transmitter 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Receiver 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Classification of Communication Systems 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Simplex Versus Duplex Communication Systems 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Analogue Versus Digital Communication Systems 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Baseband Versus Modulated Communication Systems 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.1 Analogue Baseband Communication System 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.2 Discrete Baseband Communication System 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.3 Digital Baseband Communication System 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.4 Modulated Communication Systems 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Circuit Versus Packet Switching 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4.1 Circuit Switching 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4.2 Packet Switching 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Epilogue 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Introduction to Signals and Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 What Is a Signal? 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Forms of Telecommunication Signals 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Subjective Classification of Telecommunication Signals 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Speech 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Music 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Video 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Digital Data 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Facsimile 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Ancillary and Control Signals 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Objective Classification of Telecommunication Signals 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Analogue or Digital 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Periodic or Nonperiodic 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Deterministic or Random 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Power or Energy 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Even or Odd 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Special Waveforms and Signals 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Unit Step Function 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Signum Function 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Rectangular Pulse 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Ramp Pulse 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Triangular Pulse 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Sawtooth and Trapezoidal Pulses 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.7 Unit Impulse Function 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.8 Sinc Function 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Sinusoidal Signals 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Qualitative Introduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Parameters of a Sinusoidal Signal 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.1 Angle 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.2 Amplitude 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.3 Angular Frequency 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.4 Frequency 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.5 Period 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.6 Wavelength 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.7 Initial Phase 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2.8 Phase Difference 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Addition of Sinusoids 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3.1 Same Frequency and Phase 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3.2 Same Frequency but Different Phases 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3.3 Multiple Sinusoids of Different Frequencies 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3.4 Beats Involving Two Sinusoids 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Multiplication of Sinusoids 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Logarithmic Units 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Logarithmic Units for System Gain 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Logarithmic Units for Voltage, Power, and Other Quantities 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Logarithmic Unit Dos and Don’ts 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Calibration of a Signal Transmission Path 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Systems and Their Properties 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.1 Memory 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2 Stability 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3 Causality 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.4 Linearity 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.5 Time Invariance 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.6 Invertibility 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Summary 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Time Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Basic Signal Operations 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Time Shifting (Signal Delay and Advance) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Time Reversal 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Time Scaling 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Random Signals 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Random Processes 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Random Signal Parameters 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Stationarity and Ergodicity 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Standard Distribution Functions 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Gaussian or Normal Distribution 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Rayleigh Distribution 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Lognormal Distribution 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Rician Distribution 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Exponential and Poisson Distributions 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Signal Characterisation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Mean 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Power 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Energy 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Root-mean-square Value 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Autocorrelation 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6 Covariance and Correlation Coefficient 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Linear Time Invariant System Analysis 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 LTI System Response 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Evaluation of Convolution Integral 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Evaluation of Convolution Sum 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Autocorrelation and Convolution 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Summary 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Frequency Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Fourier Series 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Sinusoidal Form of Fourier Series 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.1 Time Shifting 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.2 Time Reversal 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.3 Even and Odd Functions 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.4 Piecewise Linear Functions 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Complex Exponential Form of Fourier Series 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.1 Double-sided Spectrum 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3.2 Single-sided Spectrum 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Fourier Series Application to Selected Waveforms 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.1 Flat-top-sampled Signal 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.2 Binary ASK Signal and Sinusoidal Pulse Train 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3 Trapezoidal Pulse Train 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fourier Transform 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Properties of the Fourier Transform 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.1 Even and Odd Functions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.2 Linearity 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.3 Time Shifting 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.4 Frequency Shifting 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.5 Time Scaling 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.6 Time Reversal 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.7 Complex Conjugation 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.8 Duality 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.9 Differentiation 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.10 Integration 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.11 Multiplication 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.12 Convolution 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.13 Areas 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.14 Energy 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Table of Fourier Transforms 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Discrete Fourier Transform 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.1 Periodicity 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1.2 Symmetry 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Fast Fourier Transform 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Practical Issues in DFT Implementation 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.1 Aliasing 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.2 Frequency Resolution 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.3 Spectral Leakage 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.4 Spectral Smearing 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.5 Spectral Density and Its Variance 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Laplace and \u003ci\u003ez\u003c\/i\u003e-transforms 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Laplace Transform 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 \u003ci\u003ez\u003c\/i\u003e-transform 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency Domains 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Frequency Domain Characterisation of LTI Systems 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Transfer Function 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Output Spectral Density of LTI Systems 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Signal and System Bandwidths 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.1 Subjective Bandwidth 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.2 Null Bandwidth 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.3 3 dB Bandwidth 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.4 Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.5 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Distortionless Transmission 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Attenuation and Delay Distortions 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6 Nonlinear Distortions 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Summary 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Transmission Media \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Metallic Line Systems 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Wire Pairs 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Coaxial Cable 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Attenuation in Metallic Lines 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Transmission Line Theory 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Incident and ReflectedWaves 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Secondary Line Constants 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Characteristic Impedance 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 StandingWaves 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Line Impedance and Admittance 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Line Termination and Impedance Matching 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Scattering Parameters 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.9 Smith Chart 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Optical Fibre 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Optical Fibre Types 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.1 Single-mode Step Index 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.2 Multimode Step Index Fibre 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.3 Multimode Graded Index 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Coupling of Light into Fibre 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibre 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.1 Intrinsic Fibre Loss 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.2 Extrinsic Fibre Loss 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Dispersion in Optical Fibre 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4.1 Intermodal Dispersion 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4.2 Intramodal Dispersion 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Radio 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Maxwell’s Equations 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 RadioWave Propagation Modes 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.1 GroundWave 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.2 SkyWave 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.3 Line-of-sight (LOS) 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.4 Satellite Communications 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.5 Mobile Communications 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.6 Ionospheric Scatter 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.7 Tropospheric Scatter 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 RadioWave Propagation Effects 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.1 Ionospheric Effects 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.2 Tropospheric Attenuation 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.3 Tropospheric Scintillation 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.4 Depolarisation 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Reflection and Refraction 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 Rough Surface Scattering 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6 Diffraction 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6.1 Diffraction Configuration and Terms 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6.2 Fresnel Zones 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6.3 Knife-edge Diffraction Loss 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7 Path Loss 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7.1 Free Space Path Loss 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7.2 Plane Earth Propagation Path Loss 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7.3 Terrestrial Cellular Radio Path Loss 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.8 Radio Frequency Allocation 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Noise in Communication Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e431\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Physical Sources of Random Noise 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Thermal or Johnson Noise 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Quantisation Noise 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Radio or Sky Noise 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Shot Noise 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Partition Noise 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Quantum Noise 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.7 Flicker or 1\/\u003ci\u003ef \u003c\/i\u003eNoise 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Additive White Gaussian Noise 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Gaussian PDF of Noise 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 White Noise 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Canonical and Envelope Representations of Noise 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 System Noise Calculations 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Available Noise Power 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Noise Figure of a Single System 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Noise Figure of Cascaded Systems 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Overall System Noise Temperature 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Signal-to-noise Ratio 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Noise Effects in Communication Systems 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 SNR in Analogue Communication Systems 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 BER in Digital Communication Systems 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Summary 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Amplitude Modulation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e473\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 AM Signals: Time Domain Description 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 AMWaveform 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Sketching AMWaveforms 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Modulation Factor 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Spectrum and Power of Amplitude Modulated Signals 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Sinusoidal Modulating Signal 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Arbitrary Message Signal 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Power 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 AM Modulators 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Generation of AM Signal 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Linearly-varied-gain Modulator 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Switching and Square-law Modulators 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 AM Transmitters 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.1 Low-level Transmitter 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.2 High-level Transmitter 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 AM Demodulators 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Diode Demodulator 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Coherent Demodulator 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 AM Receivers 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (RF) Receiver 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Merits, Demerits, and Application of AM 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Variants of AM 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 DSB 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1.1 Waveform and Spectrum of DSB 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1.2 DSB Modulator 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1.3 DSB Demodulator 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1.4 DSB Applications 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 SSB 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2.1 Merits and Demerits of SSB 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2.2 SSB Modulators 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2.3 SSB Demodulator 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2.4 Applications of SSB 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 ISB 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3.1 ISB Modulator 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3.2 ISB Demodulator 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3.3 ISB Merits, Demerit, and Application 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.4 VSB 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.4.1 VSB Modulator 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.4.2 VSB Demodulator 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Summary 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Frequency and Phase Modulation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e529\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Basic Concepts of FM and PM 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Frequency Modulation Concepts 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Phase Modulation Concepts 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Relationship Between FM and PM 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.1 Frequency Variations in PM 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.2 Phase Variations in FM 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 FM and PMWaveforms 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Sketching SimpleWaveforms 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 GeneralWaveform 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Spectrum and Power of FM and PM 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Narrowband FM and PM 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Frequency Components 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Comparing AM, NBFM, and NBPM 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.3 Amplitude Variations in NBFM and NBPM 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Wideband FM and PM 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Spectrum 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Power 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.3 Bandwidth 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.4 FM or PM? 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 FM and PM Modulators 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Narrowband Modulators 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Indirect Wideband Modulators 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Direct Wideband Modulators 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3.1 LCO Modulator 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3.2 VCO Modulator 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 FM and PM Demodulators 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Direct Demodulator 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1.1 Filter-based Demodulator 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1.2 Digital Demodulator 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Indirect Demodulator 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2.1 PLL Demodulation Process 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2.2 PLL States 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2.3 PLL Features 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Phase Demodulator 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Frequency Discriminators 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4.1 Differentiators 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4.2 Tuned Circuits 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 FM Transmitter and Receiver 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Transmitter 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 SNR and Bandwidth Trade-off 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.4 Receiver 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Noise Effect in FM 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Overview of FM and PM Features 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1 Merits 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.2 Demerits 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.3 Applications 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Summary 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sampling \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e599\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Sampling Theorem 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Proof of Sampling Theorem 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Lowpass Signals 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Bandpass Signals 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Sampling at Nyquist Rate 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Aliasing 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Anti-alias Filter 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Non-instantaneous Sampling 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Natural Sampling 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Flat-top Sampling 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Aperture Effect 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Summary 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Digital Baseband Coding \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e627\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Concept and Classes of Quantisation 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Uniform Quantisation 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Quantisation Noise 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Dynamic Range of a Quantiser 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Signal-to-quantisation-noise Ratio (SQNR) 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Design Considerations 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Demerits of Uniform Quantisation 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Nonuniform Quantisation 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Compressor Characteristic 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 \u003ci\u003eA\u003c\/i\u003e-law Companding 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 \u003ci\u003e𝜇\u003c\/i\u003e-law Companding 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Companding Gain and Penalty 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Practical Nonlinear PCM 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6 SQNR of Practical Nonlinear PCM 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Differential PCM (DPCM) 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Delta Modulation 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.1 Quantisation Error 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.2 Prediction Filter 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.3 Design Parameters 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.4 Merits and Demerits of DM 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.5 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.6 Delta Sigma Modulation 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Low Bit Rate Speech Coding 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Waveform Coders 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Vocoders 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2.1 IMBE 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2.2 LPC 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2.3 MELP 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Hybrid Coders 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3.1 APC 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3.2 MPE-LPC 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3.3 CELP 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Line Codes 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 NRZ Codes 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 RZ Codes 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.3 Biphase Codes 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.4 RLL Codes 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.5 Block Codes 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Summary 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Digital Modulated Transmission \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e683\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Orthogonality of Energy Signals 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Signal Space 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Interpretation of Signal-space Diagrams 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Complex Notation for 2D Signal Space 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Signal-spaceWorked Examples 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Digital Transmission Model 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Noise Effects 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Symbol and Bit Error Ratios 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Special Cases 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Arbitrary Binary Transmission 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Binary Modulation 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 ASK 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 PSK 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 FSK 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3.1 Generation 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3.2 Spectrum 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3.3 Frequency Spacing and MSK 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Minimum Transmission Bandwidth 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Coherent Binary Detection 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 ASK Detector 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 PSK Detector 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 FSK Detector 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Noncoherent Binary Detection 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Noncoherent ASK Detector 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.2 Noncoherent FSK Detector 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.3 DPSK 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary Transmission 730\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 Bandwidth Efficiency 730\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary ASK 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2.1 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary ASK Modulator 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2.2 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary ASK Detector 734\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2.3 BER of \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary ASK 734\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary PSK 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3.1 QPSK Modulator and Detector 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3.2 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary PSK Modulator and Detector 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3.3 BER of \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary PSK 743\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.4 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary FSK 746\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.4.1 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary FSK Modulator and Detector 746\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.4.2 BER of \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary FSK 746\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.4.3 Noise-bandwidth Trade-off in \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary FSK 748\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.5 \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary APSK 749\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.5.1 16-APSK 749\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.5.2 BER of Square \u003ci\u003eM\u003c\/i\u003e-ary APSK 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Design Parameters 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Summary 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Pulse Shaping and Detection \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e763\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Anti-ISI Filtering 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Nyquist Filtering 767\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Raised Cosine Filtering 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Square Root Raised Cosine Filtering 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Duobinary Signalling 774\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.1 Cosine Filter 774\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.2 Signal Power Trade-off 777\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.3 Sine Filter 778\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.4 Polybinary Signalling 779\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Information Capacity Law 780\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 The Digital Receiver 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Adaptive Equalisation 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Matched Filter 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.1 Specification of a Matched Filter 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.2 Matched Filter by Correlation 790\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.3 Matched FilterWorked Examples 791\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Clock Extraction 797\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Eye Diagrams 799\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Summary 799\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Multiplexing Strategies \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e805\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 805\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 809\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 General Concepts 809\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Demerits of Flat-level FDM 812\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Future of FDM Technology 813\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 FDM Hierarchies 814\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4.1 UK System 816\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4.2 European System 820\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4.3 Bell System 821\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4.4 Nonvoice Signals 822\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 823\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Time Division Multiplexing 825\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 General Concepts 825\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 827\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2.1 E1 System 827\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2.2 T1 and J1 Systems 832\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2.3 PDH Problems 838\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 838\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3.1 SDH Rates 839\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3.2 SDH Frame Structure 839\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3.3 SONET 844\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 ATM 846\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4.1 ATM Layered Architecture 847\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4.2 ATM Network Components 850\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4.3 ATM Cell Header 851\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4.4 ATM Features Summary 852\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4.5 ATM Versus IP 852\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Code Division Multiplexing 853\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Types of Spread Spectrum Modulation 853\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 CDM Transmitter 856\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 CDM Receiver 858\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Crucial Features of CDM 863\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4.1 Synchronisation 863\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4.2 Cross-correlation of PN Codes 864\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4.3 Power Control 864\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4.4 Processing Gain 866\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Multiple Access 867\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 FDMA 868\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 TDMA 869\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 CDMA 871\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Hybrid Schemes 872\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Summary 873\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions 874\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A Character Codes \u003c\/b\u003e877\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B Trigonometric Identities \u003c\/b\u003e883\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix C Tables and Constants \u003c\/b\u003e885\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1 Constants 885\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2 SI Units 886\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.3 Complementary Error Function erfc(x) and \u003ci\u003eQ \u003c\/i\u003efunction \u003ci\u003eQ\u003c\/i\u003e(x) 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 891\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407025119575,"sku":"9781119274025","price":80.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/communication-engineering-principles-9781119274025","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}