{"product_id":"cmos-integrated-labonachip-system-for-personalized-biomedical-diagnosis-9781119218326","title":"CMOS Integrated Labonachip System for","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA thorough examination of lab-on-a-chip circuit-level operations to improve system performance A rapidly aging population demands rapid, cost-effective, flexible, personalized diagnostics. Existing systems tend to fall short in one or more capacities, making the development of alternatives a priority. CMOS Integrated Lab-on-a-Chip System for Personalized Biomedical Diagnosis provides insight toward the solution, with a comprehensive, multidisciplinary reference to the next wave of personalized medicine technology.    A standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication technology allows mass-production of large-array, miniaturized CMOS-integrated sensors from multi-modal domains with smart on-chip processing capability. This book provides an in-depth examination of the design and mechanics considerations that make this technology a promising platform for microfluidics, micro-electro-mechanical systems, electronics, and electromagnetics.    From CMOS fundamentals to end\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface x\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Personalized Biomedical Diagnosis 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Personalized Diagnosis 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Conventional Biomedical Diagnostic Instruments 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2.1 Optical Microscope 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2.2 Flow Cytometer 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2.3 DNA Sequencer 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 CMOS Sensor-based Lab-on-a-Chip for System Miniaturization 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 CMOS Sensor-based Lab-on-a-Chip 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 CMOS Sensor 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.1 CMOS Process Fundamentals 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.2 CMOS Sensor Technology 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.3 Multimodal CMOS Sensor 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Microfluidics 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.1 Microfluidic Fundamentals 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.2 Microfluidics Fabrication 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Objectives and Organization of this Book 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Objectives 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Organization 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 CMOS Sensor Design 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Top Architecture 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Noise Overview 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Thermal Noise 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Flicker Noise 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Shot Noise 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 MOSFET Noise Model 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Pixel Readout Circuit 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Source Follower 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Sub-threshold Gm Integrator 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 CTIA 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Column Amplifier 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Column ADC 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Single-Slope ADC 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Sigma-Delta ADC 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Correlated Sampling 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Correlated Double Sampling 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Correlated Multiple Sampling 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Timing Control 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Row Timing Control 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Column Timing Control 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 LVDS Interface 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 CMOS Impedance Sensor 60\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 CMOS Impedance Pixel 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Readout Circuit 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 A 96 × 96 Electronic Impedance Sensing System 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Top Architecture 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 System Implementation 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.1 System Setup 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.2 Sample Preparation 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Results 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3.1 Data Fitting for Single Cell Impedance Measurement 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3.2 Cell and Electrode Impedance Analysis 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3.3 EIS for Single-Cell Impedance Enumeration 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 CMOS Terahertz Sensor 76\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 CMOS THz Pixel 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Differential TL-SRR Resonator Design 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.1 Stacked SRR Layout 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.2 Comparison with Single-ended TL-SRR Resonator 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1.3 Comparison with Standing-Wave Resonator 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Differential TL-CSRR Resonator Design 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Readout Circuit 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Super-regenerative Amplification 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.1 Equivalent Circuit of SRA 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.2 Frequency Response of SRA 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.3 Sensitivity of SRA 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Super-regenerative Receivers 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Quench-controlled Oscillation 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.2 SRX Design by TL-CSRR 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.3 SRX Design by TL-SRR 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 A 135 GHz Imager 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 135 GHz DTL-SRR-based Receiver 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 System Implementation 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Results 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Plasmonic Sensor for Circulating Tumor Cell Detection 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Introduction of CTC Detection 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 SRR-based Oscillator for CTC Detection 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Sensitivity of SRR-based Oscillator 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 CMOS Ultrasound Sensor 106\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 CMUT Pixel 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Readout Circuit 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 A 320 × 320 CMUT-based Ultrasound Imaging System 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Top Architecture 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 System Implementation 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.1 Process Selection 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.2 High Voltage Pulser 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2.3 Low-Noise Preamplifier and High Voltage Switch 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Results 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.1 Simulation Results 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.2 Two-channel AFE IC Measurement Results 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.3 Acoustic Transmission Testing with AFE IC and CMUT 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.4 Acoustic Pulse-echo Testing with AFE IC and CMUT 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 CMOS 3-D-Integrated MEMS Sensor 126\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 MEMS Sensor 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Readout Circuit 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 A 3-D TSV-less Accelerometer 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 CMOS-on-MEMS Stacking 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Bonding Reliability 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.1 Al–Au Thermo-compression Shear Strength 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.2 Al–Au Thermo-compression Hermeticity 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Results 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.1 Standalone Validation of the Readout Circuit 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.2 Functionality Testing of CMOS-on-MEMS Chip 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.3 Reliability Testing of CMOS-on-MEMS Chip 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 CMOS Image Sensor 142\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 CMOS Image Pixel 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Structure 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 FSI 4 T Pixel 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Back Side Illumination Pixel 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Stack Pixel 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Noise and Model 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Photon Shot Noise 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Reset Noise 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Thermal Noise 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.4 Flicker Noise 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.5 Fixed Pattern Noise 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Readout Circuit 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Global Serial Readout 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Correlated Double Sampling 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 A 3.2 Mega CMOS Image Sensor 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 4-way Shared Pixel Unit 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Top Architecture 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 System Implementation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Results 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 System Characterization 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.2 Digital CDS for FPN Reduction 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.3 Blood Cell Imaging Experiments 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 CMOS Dual-mode pH-Image Sensor 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 CMOS Dual-mode pH-Image Pixel 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Readout Circuit 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 CDS for Optical Sensing 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 CDS for Chemical Sensing 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 A 64 × 64 Dual-mode pH-Image Sensor 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Top Architecture 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 System Implementation 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Results 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 CMOS Dual-mode Energy-harvesting-image Sensor 186\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 CMOS EHI Pixel 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Readout Circuit 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 A 96 × 96 EHI Sensing System 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Top Architecture 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 System Implementation 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Results 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 DNA Sequencing 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 CMOS ISFET-based Sequencing 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Overview 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 ISFET-based Sequencing Procedure 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 CMOS THz-based Genotyping 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Overview 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 THz-based Genotyping Procedure 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Beyond CMOS Nanopore Sequencing 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Overview 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Nanopore-based Sequencing Procedure 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Cell Counting 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Optofluidic Imaging System 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Contact Imaging 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Optofluidic Imaging System Model 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 Resolution Model 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 Dynamic Range Model 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.3 Implication to SR Processing 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Super-resolution Image Processing 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Multi-frame SR Processing 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Single-frame SR Processing 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Machine-learning-based Single-frame Super-resolution 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 ELMSR 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 CNNSR 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Microfluidic Cytometer for Cell Counting 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Microfluidic Cytometer System 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.1 System Overview 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.2 Microfluidic Channel Fabrication 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.3 Microbead and Cell Sample Preparation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.4 Microfluidic Cytometer Design 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.5 Cell Detection 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.6 Cell Recognition 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1.7 Cell Counting 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Results 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.1 Counting Performance Characterization 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.2 Off-Line SR Training 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.3 On-line SR Testing 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2.4 On-line Cell Recognition and Counting 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Conclusion 258\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Summaries 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Future Works 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 262\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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