{"product_id":"climate-change-9781118708514","title":"Climate Change","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book is designed for first- and second-year university students (and their instructors) in earth science, environmental science, and physical geography degree programmes worldwide. The summaries at the end of each section constitute essential reading for policy makers and planners. It provides a simple but masterly account, with a minimum of equations, of how the Earth's climate system works, of the physical processes that have given rise to the long sequence of glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary, and that will continue to cause the climate to evolve. Its straightforward and elegant description, with an abundance of well chosen illustrations, focuses on different time scales, and includes the most recent research in climate science by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It shows how it is human behaviour that will determine whether or not the present century is a turning point to a new climate, unprecedented on Earth in the last \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForeword xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the companion website xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I: THE CLIMATE ENGINE OF THE EARTH: ENERGY 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Why are there many different climates on Earth? 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Different climates . . . such diversity of life 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1. The different climates on Earth 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2. Climates, biomes and biodiversity 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3. Climate and society 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. From a patchwork of climates to an average climate 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1. Temperature and thermal equilibrium 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2. The average temperature of the Earth’s surface 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3. Precipitation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4. Wind 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5. Three major items in energy consumption 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. The global mean climate 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1. The Sun, source of energy 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2. The energy equilibrium at the Earth’s surface 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Atmosphere and ocean: key factors in climate equilibrium 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1. Driving forces 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2. The atmosphere 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3. The oceans 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4. Heat transport from the Equator to the poles 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart I: Summary 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart I: Notes 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart I: Further reading 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II: MORE ON THE ENERGY BALANCE OF THE PLANET 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Thermal radiation, solar and terrestrial radiation 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1. Thermal radiation from a black body 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2. The laws of black]body radiation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3. Solar and terrestrial radiation 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. The impact of the atmosphere on radiation 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1. Scattering and reflection 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2. Absorption by a gas – the cut]off approximation 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3. Absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation by atmospheric gases 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4. Direct transfer by the atmosphere 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5. Major atmospheric constituents involved in radiative transfer 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Radiative transfer through the atmosphere 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1. Three radiative mechanisms that heat or cool the Earth’s surface 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2. The greenhouse effect 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3. Radiative transfer: the roles of the different constituents 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4. The radiation balance of the Earth 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. The energy balance 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1. The energy balance at the surface of the Earth in the single]layer model 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2. The Earth’s energy balance at equilibrium 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3. The impact of human activity 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4. The present unbalanced global energy budget 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Climate forcing and feedback 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1. Climate forcing 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2. Feedbacks 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3. Climate sensitivity 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Climate modelling 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1. The Energy Balance and Radiative–Convective Models 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2. Three-dimensional Atmosphere Global Circulation Models 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3. Three-dimensional models: ever-increasing refinements 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4. Climate models – what for? 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart II. Summary 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart II. Notes 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart II. Further reading 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III: THE DIFFERENT CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. The choice of approach 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. The Sun’s emission 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1. The impact on the climate 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2. How emission varies 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3. What are the consequences? 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. The position of the Earth with respect to the Sun 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1. An overview 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2. Irradiance, determined by orbital parameters 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3. Changes in obliquity: the impact on the seasons 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4. Changes in the Earth’s orbit and eccentricity: the impact on the Earth–Sun distance 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5. Precession of the axis of rotation: the impact on the Earth–Sun distance at different seasons 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6. Changes in irradiance 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. The composition of the atmosphere 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1. The effect on the climate: the mechanism 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2. How the composition has changed, and why 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3. What are the consequences? 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Heat transfer from the Equator to the poles 135\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1. The impact on the climate: the mechanism 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2. How and why can the transfer vary? 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3. What are the consequences? 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Oscillations due to ocean–atmosphere interactions 137\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1. The impact on the climate: the mechanism 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and trade wind fluctuations 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3. The North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart III. Summary 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart III. Notes 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart III. Further reading 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV: LEARNING FROM THE PAST … 149\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18. Memory of the distant past 151\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1. Over billions of years … 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2. The past tens of millions of years: slow cooling 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3. The entry of Northern Hemisphere glaciations 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19. Since 2.6 million years ago: the dance of glaciations 161\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1. The archives of the dance 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2. The glacial–interglacial cycles 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3. Glacials and interglacials: very different climate stages 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4. Glacials and interglacials: similar but never identical 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5. Abrupt climate changes in the last climate cycle 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20. Glacial–interglacial cycles and the Milankovitch theory 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1. The leading role of the Northern Hemisphere 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2. Seasonal irradiance, the key parameter in Quaternary glaciations 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3. Two types of configuration 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4. The climate in the past 250,000 years 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5. Glacials and interglacials: similar situations, never identical 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6. The energy budget: radiative forcing and feedback 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21. The glaciation dance: consequences and lessons 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1. The impact on life of glacial–interglacial cycles 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2. Lessons to be drawn 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3. When will the next glaciation come? 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22. The past 12,000 years: the warm Holocene 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1. The Holocene 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2. Deciphering climate changes during the Holocene 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3. Slow changes in irradiance (Timescale 1: millennia) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4. Slow cooling at middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5. Strong monsoon in the Early Holocene: the ‘Green Sahara’ episode 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6. Solar fluctuations (Timescale 2: centuries) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7. The Holocene and the birth of agriculture and animal husbandry 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23. Global and regional fluctuations (Timescale 3: decades) 225\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1. From global … 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2. … to regional: the North Atlantic Oscillation 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3. The Sun, the other source of change 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24. Future warming and past climates 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1. The global ‘hot flush’ of 55 million years ago 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2. Three million years ago 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3. Warmer periods in the past 2 million years? 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart IV. Summary 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart IV. Notes 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart IV. Further reading 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART V: CLIMATE CHANGE IN RECENT YEARS 241\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25. Recent climate change 243\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1. Changes in temperature 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2. Changes in precipitation, water vapour and extreme events 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3. An overview of the past few decades 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4. The impact of global warming: the key issue 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26. The impact of global warming on the cryosphere 257\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1. Sea ice, the ‘canary’ of our planet 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2. Changes in glaciers 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3. Ice]sheet changes 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4. Changes in frozen soils 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5. Freeze]up and snow cover 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27. The impact of warming on the ocean 273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1. Change in sea level 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2. Regional changes in ocean salinity 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3. Is deep ocean circulation slowing? 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4. Changes in dissolved carbon dioxide and ocean acidification 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5. In summary: consistency over the globe 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28. The impact of warming on the biosphere 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1. Ongoing changes 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2. Oceans 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3. Land 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4. Portents of dysfunction 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29. Warming in the 20th century: natural or human]induced? 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1. The carbon cycle prior to the industrial era 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2. The impact of human activity on the carbon cycle 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3. Changes related to human activity 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4. Natural causes: solar and volcanic activity 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5. An overview of all the causes: the major role of human activity 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart V. Summary 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart V. Notes 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart V. Further reading 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VI: CLIMATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 323\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30. Two key factors 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1. Greenhouse gas emissions 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2. Population growth 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31. Projections: economic scenarios and climate models 329\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1. Successive steps in a projection 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2. Climate models 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32. Simulations: a survey 333\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1. Long]term scenarios 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2. IPCC 2007 scenarios for the 21st century 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3. IPCC 2013 scenarios for the 21st century 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33. Future warming and its consequences 343\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1. Global warming 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2. The water cycle and precipitation 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3. Extreme events 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4. Snow and ice 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5. The sea level 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6. Ocean acidification 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7. Climate predictions: what degree of confidence? 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8. In summary, the future is already with us 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34. The choice 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1. Can future warming be counteracted naturally? 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2. Which choice of scenario? 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3. Global warming: no more than 2°C 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4. The ‘Triple Zero’ challenge 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35. Climate change in the present state of the planet 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1. Environmental degradation 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2. Depletion of energy resources 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3. Inexorable world population growth? 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4. A new type of development? 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart VI. Summary 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart VI. Notes 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart VI. Further reading 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 383\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49371824718167,"sku":"9781118708514","price":40.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118708514.jpg?v=1730154706","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/climate-change-9781118708514","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}