{"product_id":"chinese-an-essential-grammar-routledge-essential-grammars-9780367480134","title":"Chinese An Essential Grammar Routledge Essential","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis new and extended edition of \u003ci\u003eChinese: An Essential Grammar\u003c\/i\u003e is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese (Mandarin) grammar.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRefreshingly jargon-free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This \u003ci\u003eGrammar\u003c\/i\u003e aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeatures include:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cli\u003eThree new chapters on speech habits, writing conventions and new lexicalisation processes \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cli\u003eChinese characters, as well as the \u003ci\u003epinyin\u003c\/i\u003e romanisation, alongside all examples\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cli\u003eLiteral and colloquial translations into English to illustrate language points\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed contents list and index for easy access to information\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cli\u003eA glossary of grammatical terms.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContents\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese language \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMandarin pronunciation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese vocabulary \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart I Nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 Nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 Noun features \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 Proper nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 Common nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3.1 The plural suffix \u003cstrong\u003e-men\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Nouns and definite or indefinite reference \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 Nouns and conjunctions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 Common nouns: countability \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 Numerals and nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1 Cardinal numbers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Two forms of the number two \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2 Ordinal numbers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3 ‘Half’ \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4 Fractions, percentages, decimals, multiples and ‘every’ \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5 Approximation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 Measures for nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1 Measures and \u003cb\u003egè\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2 Other measure words \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3 Abstract nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4 Material nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5 Collective nouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6 Relationship between measures and nouns\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 Pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1 Personal pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2 Possessive pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3 Demonstrative pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4 Interrogative pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5 Other pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6 Pronouns and conjunctions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 Adjectives and attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1 Attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2 Adjectives as attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Monosyllabic adjectives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Polysyllabic adjectives and \u003cb\u003ede\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Disyllabic adjectives and \u003cb\u003ede\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3 Nominal attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Nominal attributives and \u003cb\u003ede\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4 Prepositional and postpositional phrases as attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5 Verbal phrases or clauses as attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6 The order of sequential attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7 Demonstrative and numeral phrases with other attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8 Possessive pronoun and other attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9 \u003cb\u003eÉr\u003c\/b\u003e between adjectives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.10 Omission of the noun following an attributive \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.11 Attributives in word-formation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart II Verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 Adjectival and nominal predicates; the verb \u003cb\u003eshì\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1 Adjectival predicates \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2 Adjectival predicates and the verb ‘to be’ \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Adjectival predicates and degree adverbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Adjectival predicates in the negative \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Adjectival predicates followed by verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3 Non-gradable adjectives as attributives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Attributives of shape, colour or material \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4 Nominal and pronominal predicates \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Verbs resembling \u003cb\u003eshì\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Nominal predicates without a copula \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5 The copula \u003cb\u003eshì\u003c\/b\u003e in its negative form \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 The verb \u003cb\u003eyǒu\u003c\/b\u003e; comparisons \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1 The functions of \u003cb\u003eyǒu\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1.1 \u003cb\u003eYǒu\u003c\/b\u003e indicating possession \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1.2 \u003cb\u003eMěi\u003c\/b\u003e as negative of \u003cb\u003eyǒu\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1.3 \u003cb\u003eYǒu\u003c\/b\u003e indicating change or development \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1.4 \u003cb\u003eYǒu\u003c\/b\u003e forming idiomatic expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1.5 \u003cb\u003eYǒu\u003c\/b\u003e introducing adjectival predicates \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2 Comparison \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Emphatic or specific comparison \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Negative comparison \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Comparison: equivalence or similarity \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3 Comparatives and superlatives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 Verbs and aspect markers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1 Action, state and dative verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2 Action verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3 Aspect markers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3.1 \u003cb\u003eLe\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3.2 \u003cb\u003eGuo\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3.3 \u003cb\u003eZài\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3.4 \u003cb\u003eZhe\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.4 State verb \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5 Dative verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Dative verbs relating to spoken activity \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Dative verbs and aspect markers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6 Causative verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7 Imperatives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Polite requests \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Imperatives and aspect markers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 Motion verbs and direction indicators \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1 Motion verbs and simple direction indicators \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2 Motion verbs and compound direction indicators \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3 Motion verbs with metaphorical meaning \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4 Direction indicators with specific meanings \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 Verbs and time \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.1 Time expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2 Point of time expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Detailed time expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3 Point-of-time expressions incorporating verbal phrases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.4 Imprecise points of time \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5 Indefinite points of time \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6 Frequency expressions with \u003cb\u003eměi\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7 Time expressions in existence sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Time expressions in emergence or disappearance sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 Verbs and location \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1 Location expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2 \u003cb\u003eZài\u003c\/b\u003e and postpositional phrases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Disyllabic postpositions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Disyllabic postpositions as location pronouns \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3 Simple location sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4 Location phrases modifying main verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5 Location phrases in existence sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.1 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e in existence sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.2 \u003cb\u003eZhe\u003c\/b\u003e in existence sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6 \u003cb\u003eLe\u003c\/b\u003e in emergence or disappearance sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7 Order of sequence of time and location phrases \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 Verbs: duration and frequency \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1 Duration expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Duration expressions and noun objects \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Repetition of the verb in a noun-object-duration structure \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Duration expressions and pronoun objects \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.4 Duration expressions in dative construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.5 Duration expressions and definite reference \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2 Brief duration \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Brief duration and instrumental objects \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3 Frequency expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 Verbs and complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1 Complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2 Complements of result \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3 Potential complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Potential complements using direction indicators \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Metaphorical meanings of potential complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4 Complements of manner and of consequential state \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Modification of complement of manner \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Complement of consequential state \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Complements of manner or consequential state with a ‘verb + object’ verb \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Adjectival complements of manner in comparisons \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4.5 Complement-of-manner comparison with a ‘verb + object’ verb \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5 Complement of location or destination \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.6 Degree complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 Verbs and adverbials \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1 Adverbials of manner \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Monosyllabic adjectives as adverbials of manner \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Adverbials of manner with marked verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Adverbials of manner with unmarked verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Monosyllabic adverbial modifiers without \u003cb\u003ede\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1.5 Particular types of adverbials of manner \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2 Attitudinal adverbial expressions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3 Referential adverbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4 Referential adverbs with negatives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5 Order of sequence of referential adverbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6 Order of adverbials in sequence \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 Modal and similar verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.1 Modal, attitudinal and intentional verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2 Modal verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Modal verbs and adverbs of degree \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Modal verbs and comparison \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3 Attitudinal verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3.1 \u003cb\u003eWàngle\u003c\/b\u003e and j\u003cb\u003eìde\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3.2 \u003cb\u003eGāoxìng\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.4 Intentional verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Negation of intentional verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart III Sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 Statements and the sentence particle \u003cb\u003ele\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1 \u003cb\u003eLe\u003c\/b\u003e as a sentence particle \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2 Functions of sentence \u003cb\u003ele\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Summing-up function of \u003cb\u003ele\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2.2 \u003cb\u003eLe\u003c\/b\u003e as both sentence particle and aspect marker \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3 Cases where sentence \u003cb\u003ele\u003c\/b\u003e is not used \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4 Ultimate versatility of sentence \u003cb\u003ele\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 Questions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1 Question-word questions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1.1 \u003cb\u003eZěnmeyàng\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1.2 \u003cb\u003eDuō\u003c\/b\u003e in questions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1.3 \u003cstrong\u003eNe\u003c\/strong\u003e in questions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2 General questions with \u003cb\u003ema\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3 Surmise questions with \u003cb\u003eba\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4 Affirmative-negative questions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.5 Alternative questions with \u003cb\u003eháishì\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.6 Tags indicating suggestion \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7 Tags seeking confirmation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.8 Rhetorical questions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 Subject and predicate; topic and comment \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1 Dual patterning of sentence structures \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2 Subject-predicate sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3 Topic-comment sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Further ways to form topic-comment sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4 Topic | subject-predicate sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4.1 Notional passive sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5 Subject | topic-comment sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 Prepositions and coverbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1 Coverbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1.1 Coverbs of place and time \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1.2 Coverbs of methods and means \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1.3 Coverbs of human exchange and service \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1.4 Coverbs of reference \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1.5 Coverbs and comparison \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.2 Disyllabic prepositions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 \u003cb\u003eBǎ\u003c\/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003ebèi\u003c\/b\u003e constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1 The \u003cb\u003ebǎ\u003c\/b\u003e construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.1 The \u003cb\u003ebǎ\u003c\/b\u003e construction and complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.2 \u003cb\u003eLe\u003c\/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003ezhe\u003c\/b\u003e as complements in \u003cb\u003ebǎ\u003c\/b\u003e sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.3 \u003cb\u003eBǎ\u003c\/b\u003e and resultative complements \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.4 \u003cb\u003eNòng\u003c\/b\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003egǎo\u003c\/strong\u003e in \u003cb\u003ebǎ\u003c\/b\u003e sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.5 Negative \u003cb\u003ebǎ\u003c\/b\u003e sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.6 \u003cb\u003eBǎ\u003c\/b\u003e and modal verbs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1.7 \u003cb\u003eBǎ\u003c\/b\u003e and indefinite reference \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.2 The \u003cb\u003ebèi\u003c\/b\u003e construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.2.1 \u003cb\u003eRàng\u003c\/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003ejiào\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.2.2 The \u003cb\u003ebèi\u003c\/b\u003e construction with an agent \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Negative \u003cb\u003ebèi\u003c\/b\u003e sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3 The \u003cb\u003ebèi\u003c\/b\u003e construction versus the notional passives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 Serial constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1 General features of serial constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2 Semantic varieties in serial constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.3 Adjectives or state verbs in serial constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4 Dative constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5 Causative constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5.1 \u003cb\u003eQǐng\u003c\/b\u003e in a causative construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5.2 Extended causative constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.6 Extended serial constructions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 Emphasis and the intensifier \u003cb\u003eshì\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e as an intensifier \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2 The \u003cb\u003eshì … de\u003c\/b\u003e construction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Subject and object emphasis in \u003cb\u003eshì … de\u003c\/b\u003e sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.2 \u003cb\u003eShì … de\u003c\/b\u003e construction and \u003cb\u003ebù\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e without \u003cb\u003ede\u003c\/b\u003e for progression and projection \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Contexts for \u003cb\u003eshì\u003c\/b\u003e (without de) sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3.2 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e and comparison \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3.3 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e and negation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e and topic-comment sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.1 \u003cb\u003eShì\u003c\/b\u003e implying reservation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4.2 ‘Verb\/adjective + \u003cb\u003eshì\u003c\/b\u003e + verb\/adjective’ implying reservation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.5 Repetition and emphasis \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 Abbreviation and omission \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1 Three types of abbreviation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2 Conventional abbreviations as subjectless sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3 Contextual abbreviation \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.4 Cotextual omissions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.4.1 Cotextual omissions and headwords \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.4.2 Cotextual omissions in answers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.4.3 Contextual\/cotextual omissions in extended passages \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 Composite sentences: conjunctions and conjunctives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1 Types of composite sentence \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2 Conjunctions and conjunctives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Meanings and functions of composite sentences \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2.2 Paired conjunctives \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3 Composite sentences as parallel structures \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4 Verbs taking object clauses \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 Exclamations and interjections; appositions; and apostrophes \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1 Exclamations \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1.1 Exclamations with \u003cb\u003etài\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1.2 Question-word questions as exclamations \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2 Interjections \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2.1 Tone variations in interjections \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3 Appositions \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4 People being addressed [apostrophe] \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart IV Paragraphs \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.1 A diary \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2 A letter \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3 A dialogue \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4 A welcome speech \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5 A description \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.6 An explanatory piece of writing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe way to learn Chinese words\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.7 An argumentative piece of writing \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart V Speech habits: meaning and form\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.1 Universal, cotextual or contextual omissions and abbreviations\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.1.1 Sentence patterns (1)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.1.2 Sentence patterns (2) \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2 Sentence extension following paragraph patterns\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3 Further features of sentence extension\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.1 Sentences extended by illustration or exemplification \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.2 Sentences extended by reasoning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.3 Sentences extended by detailing or amplification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.4 Sentences extended by result or purpose\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePart VI Writing conventions: classical quadrisyllabic patterns or idioms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.1 An overview of four-character or quadrisyllabic idioms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.1.1 The distinction between quadrisyllabic patterns and quadrisyllabic idioms \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.1.2 The internal structure of quadrisyllabic idioms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2 Quadrisyllabic idioms at work\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3 How quadrisyllabic idioms mix comfortably with other rhythms in writing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePart VII Contemporary developments in Chinese: new syntatctic and lexical tendencies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 Contemporary linguistic developments\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1 New syntactic tendencies\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1.1 Shift of word classes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1.2 Extensive use of pseudo-)suffixes or (pseudo-)prefixes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1.3 Multi-syllabic coinages on 'attributive + headword' syntactic pattern\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2 New ways of lexicalisation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.1 Direct borrowings\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.2 Semantic\/phonetic calques (total or partial)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.3 Intra-language transliterations\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2 4 Internet neologisms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.5 Neologisms occurring in conversational exchanges\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.6 Abbreviations from quadrisyllabic idioms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlossary of grammatical terms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Taylor \u0026 Francis Ltd (Sales)","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51017919594839,"sku":"9780367480134","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780367480134.jpg?v=1750775082","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/chinese-an-essential-grammar-routledge-essential-grammars-9780367480134","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}