{"product_id":"childless-marriages-and-child-adoption-among-the-igbo-9783631806524","title":"Childless Marriages and Child adoption among the","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the heart of every marriage union among the Igbo people of Nigeria is the desire to have one’s own children, preferably male ones who will perpetuate the family name from generation to generation. Hence, no stone is left unturned to make sure that this aim is achieved in marriage. Oftentimes, this desire, despite every effort, is not realized by every married couple. Some marriages still remain childless. The precolonial Igbo were also confronted with childless marriages. But knowing the consequences of a childless marriage, they designed some methods of circumventing the problem. Almost all the methods they employed to make sure that no man died childless, which are extensively discussed in this work, are condemned by the Catholic Church. The Church proffered child adoption among other things as a solution to infertility in marriage. Child adoption, however, is frowned upon by some Igbo on the ground that it is against their culture. This situation, therefore, places some Igbo childless couples who want to remain faithful to the Christian faith on a crossroad of not knowing what to do in the face of infertility. The present work deals extensively on the meaning and ends of marriage among the Igbo people of Nigeria, on what it means to be childless among the Igbo, and on how the precolonial Igbo handled the situation as well as the importance of children in the Igbo family. The Church’s teaching on marriage before and after the Second Vatican Council and especially on childless marriages as found in Gaudium et spes is also discussed in a very elaborate way. Other important topics discussed in this work include the Church`s position on artificial reproductive technologies (ART); the meaning of child adoption; and the Igbo people`s knowledge, attitude, and perception about the practice of child adoption.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work argues strongly that child adoption is something good and noble when it aims at the welfare of the child but at the same time not relegating the welfare of the adoptive parents to the background.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildless Marriages and Adoption among the Igbo: In Defense\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof Child Adoption Based on the Igbo Traditional and\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian Values ............................................................................................ 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction .............................................................................................................. 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurposes and Objectives of the Study ................................................................... 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelimitation of the Study ........................................................................................ 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethodology and Sources ....................................................................................... 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Work .............................................................................................. 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWho Are the Igbo? ................................................................................................... 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Igbo Worldview in Relation to Childless Marriages .................................... 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Motivation for This Research .......................................................................... 29\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Introduction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter One The Igbo Concept of Marriage \u003c\/b\u003e........................................ 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Igbo Understanding of Marriage ........................................................ 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Stages in the Igbo Marriage Processes ...................................................... 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Enquiry Stage ........................................................................................ 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Payment of the Bride Wealth .............................................................. 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 The Betrothal of the Bride ................................................................... 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Some Impediments to Marriage in the Igbo Culture .............................. 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Blood Affinity ........................................................................................ 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Established History of Sudden\/Premature Deaths in a Family ...... 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Extreme Case of Wickedness\/Maltreatment of Women ................. 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Infertility ................................................................................................ 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 54\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Two The Place of Children in the Igbo Marriage \u003c\/b\u003e............. 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Ends of Igbo Marriage ......................................................................... 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 A Few Igbo Names that Express the Importance of Children\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eamong the Igbo and Their Meaning\/s ............................................... 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Importance of Children in the Igbo Culture .................................... 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Children as Old Age Insurance .......................................................... 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Children as Parents’ Hope of Immortality ........................................ 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Children Are Proof of Man\/Womanhood ....................................... 66\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Three Types of Marriages and Traditional Solutions\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eto Childlessness among the Igbo \u003c\/b\u003e............................................................ 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Monogamy .................................................................................................... 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Polygamy ....................................................................................................... 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 \u003ci\u003eNhachi Nwannyi \u003c\/i\u003e........................................................................................... 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Levirate Marriage ......................................................................................... 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Woman to Woman Marriage ...................................................................... 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Summary of Part 1 ....................................................................................... 80\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II: The Church’s Teaching on Marriage\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Four The Place of Procreation in the Christian\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConcept of Marriage \u003c\/b\u003e.................................................................................... 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Procreation in Christian Marriage before Vatican II .............................. 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Summary ....................................................................................................... 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Place of Procreation in Christian Marriage in \u003ci\u003eGaudium et Spes \u003c\/i\u003e.... 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................... 98\u003cbr\u003e4.3.1 Historical Evolution of \u003ci\u003eGaudium et Spes \u003c\/i\u003e......................................... 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 The Schema on Marriage\/the Final Text of \u003ci\u003eGaudium et Spes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eon Marriage ......................................................................................... 105\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.3 Ends of Christian Marriage in \u003ci\u003eGaudium et Spes \u003c\/i\u003e............................ 114\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.3.1 Conjugal Love ....................................................................... 115\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.4 The Igbo Marriage and Christian Marriage: Areas of\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAgreement and Discord ..................................................................... 118\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Five Childlessness: Meaning, Forms, and Causes \u003c\/b\u003e.......... 123\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................... 123\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.1.1 Involuntary Childlessness ................................................................. 123\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.1.2 Voluntary Childlessness .................................................................... 124\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.2 Infertility ..................................................................................................... 129\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3 Childlessness in the Old Testament ......................................................... 132\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Six The Church on Childless Marriages and\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eAssisted Reproductive Technologies \u003c\/b\u003e.................................................. 143\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.0 Introduction ............................................................................................... 143\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1 What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? ......................................... 143\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.1 Artificial Insemination ...................................................................... 144\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.2 In Vitro Fertilization .......................................................................... 146\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.3 Sperm and Ovum Donation ............................................................. 147\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.4 Surrogate Motherhood Arrangement .............................................. 149\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.2 The Igbo and Assisted Reproductive Technologies ............................... 151\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3. The Church on Assisted Reproductive Technologies ............................ 155\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.1 The Nature of the Human Person ..................................................... 157\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.2 The Nature of Marriage, Sexual intercourse, and Procreation ..... 158\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4. The Church on Assisted Reproductive Technologies ............................ 159\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.1 Some Objections to the Church’s Teaching on the Moral\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStatus of Human Embryos ................................................................ 163\u003cbr\u003e6.4.2 Moral Evaluation of Heterologous IVF and Artificial\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eInsemination and Embryo Transfer ................................................. 177\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.3 Moral Issues in Homologous Artificial Insemination ................... 178\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.4 Some Objections to the Magisterium’s Stance on\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHomologous IVF-ET ......................................................................... 181\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.5 Moral\/Ethical Problems in Surrogate Motherhood ....................... 185\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.5. Summary ..................................................................................................... 190\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Seven Child Adoption: An Alternative to Assisted\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eReproductive Technology and Solution to Childless\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarriages \u003c\/b\u003e....................................................................................................... 197\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.0 Introduction ............................................................................................... 197\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.1 Defining Child Adoption .......................................................................... 197\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.1.1 Forms of Child Adoption .................................................................. 199\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.1.2 Reasons Why Children Are Put Up for Adoption ......................... 206\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.2 Reasons Why Couples Adopt Children .................................................. 208\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.2.1 Child Adoption in Antiquity ............................................................ 210\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.2.2 Adoption in the Middle Ages ............................................................ 216\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.2.3 Child Adoption in the Modern Period ............................................ 218\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3 Traditional Models of Child Adoption in the Igbo Society .................. 222\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.1 The \u003ci\u003eTụmanje \u003c\/i\u003eMoonlight Story: Pointer to the Igbo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eKnowledge of Child Adoption .......................................................... 223\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.2 Analysis of \u003ci\u003eTumanje \u003c\/i\u003eMoonlight ....................................................... 226\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.3 \u003ci\u003eNhachi Nwanyi \u003c\/i\u003eas a Form of Adoption ........................................... 228\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.3.1 Analysis of \u003ci\u003eNhachi Nwanyi \u003c\/i\u003ein Relation to Child\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdoption ................................................................................ 228\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.3.2 Woman to Woman Marriage as a Form of Child\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdoption ................................................................................ 230\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.3.3 Conclusion ............................................................................ 230\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4 The Contemporary Igbo and Child Adoption: An Empirical Study ... 231\u003cbr\u003e7.4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................ 231\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1 Instrument of Data Collection .......................................................... 232\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1.1 Area of Study ......................................................................... 232\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1.2 Methods of Data Analysis ................................................... 233\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1.3 Participants ............................................................................ 234\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1.4 Preparations before Administering the\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eQuestionnaires ...................................................................... 235\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1.5 Some Ethical Considerations .............................................. 236\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.1.6 Questionnaire ........................................................................ 236\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis ........................................................ 237\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.2.1 Rate of Returns of Questionnaires during the Field\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSurvey ..................................................................................... 237\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.2.2 Gender Distribution of Questionnaires Not Returned ... 238\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.2.3 Gender Distribution of Respondents ................................. 239\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.2.4 Age of Respondents .............................................................. 239\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.2.5 Qualification of Respondents .............................................. 240\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3 Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data Collected\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ethrough the Questionnaire ................................................................ 240\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.1 Primary Aim of Igbo Marriage ........................................... 240\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.1.1 Relationship between Sex, Age,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducational Status, and the Primary Aim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eof Igbo Marriage Is to Bear Children ................ 241\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.2 Childless Are Stigmatized in the Igbo Society .................. 244\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.2.1 Relationship between Sex, Age,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducational Status, and Stigmatization of\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ethe Childless in the Igbo Society ........................ 245\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.3 Child Adoption Is Alien to the Igbo Culture .................... 247\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.3.1 Relationship between Sex, Age,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducational Status, and Views on Child\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdoption Being Alien to the Igbo Culture ....... 248\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.4 Traditionally, Child adoption Is a Good Option for\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChildless Marriage in the Igbo Culture ............................. 250\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.4.1 Relationship between Sex, Age,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducational Status, and Views Whether\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChild Adoption Is an Option for Childless\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarriage ................................................................ 252\u003cbr\u003e7.4.3.5 Adopted Children Are Always Accepted as Full\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMembers of the Igbo Society .............................................. 254\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.5.1 Relationship Sex, Age, Educational\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStatus, and Adopted Children Are\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlways Accepted as Full Members of the\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIgbo Society .......................................................... 254\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.6 Tab. 11: Question 6: An Adopted Child Has Rights\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eof Inheritance and Succession in the Igbo Society? ......... 257\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.6.1 Relationship between Sex, Age,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducational Status and Adopted Has Right\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eof Inheritance in the Igbo Society ...................... 258\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.7 Child Adoption Should Be Encouraged ............................ 261\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.7.1 Relationship between Age, Educational\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStatus, and Child Adoption Should Be\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEncouraged and Promoted ................................. 261\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.4.3.7.2 Relationship between Sex, Age,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducational Status, and Lack of\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEducation Affects People’s Attitude to\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChild Adoption .................................................... 264\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.5 Discussion ................................................................................................... 267\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.6 Arguments of Some Igbo against the Practice of Child Adoption ...... 270\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 273\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Eight In Defense of Child Adoption \u003c\/b\u003e.................................... 275\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.0 Introduction ............................................................................................... 275\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1 The Igbo Cultural Values Perspective ...................................................... 275\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.1 Sense of the Sacredness of Human Life ........................................... 276\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.2 The Igbo Sense of Solidarity .............................................................. 278\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.3 The Igbo Sense of Freedom and Autonomy .................................... 282\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2 Nigerian Child Rights Act 2003 on Child Adoption ............................. 285\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................ 285\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.1 History of Legal Child Adoption Act in Nigeria ............................ 285\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.2 Children Who May Be Adopted ....................................................... 286\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e8.2.3 Persons Who May Adopt a Child ..................................................... 287\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.4 Nationality Required for Adoption in Nigeria ............................... 287\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.5 Prohibition of Certain Payment for Adoption ............................... 288\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.6 Adopted Children’s Register .............................................................. 288\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.7 Legal Effect of Child Adoption According to the Act .................... 289\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.7.1. The Possible Effects of Closed Adoption System\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eamong the Igbo ..................................................................... 290\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3 The Christian Perspective of Child Adoption ........................................ 293\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1 Adoption in the Theology of Paul .................................................... 293\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1.1 Controversy over the Origin, Meaning, and\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBackground of the Term υίoөɛστα ..................................... 294\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1.2 Paul on Adoption in Ephesians 1 ....................................... 296\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1.3 Paul on Adoption in Galatians 4:1–7 ................................. 297\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1.4 Paul on Adoption in Romans 8:14–15, 23 ......................... 298\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1.5 Paul’s Theology of Adoption and Its Implication for\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBelievers ................................................................................. 298\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.2 Adoption as Charity ........................................................................... 302\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.3 Child Adoption: A Form of Responsible Parenthood ................... 307\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.3.1 Child Adoption as a Form of Responsible Parenthood? . 315\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.4 Evaluation ............................................................................................ 317\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.4 Adoption of Frozen Embryo (Moral Implication) ................................ 318\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.4.1 The Church’s Teaching on the Moral Status of the Embryo .......... 319\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.4.2 Arguments against Embryo Adoption ............................................. 320\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.5 Arguments in Support of Frozen Embryo Adoption ............................ 323\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.5.1 Embryo Adoption: A Personal Opinion .......................................... 325\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.5.2 Evaluation ............................................................................................ 327\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.6 Solutions to Childless Marriages and Adoption Problems among\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ethe Igbo ....................................................................................................... 331\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eConclusion ......................................................................................................... 337\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eList of Figures \u003c\/b\u003e.................................................................................................... 341\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eList of Tables \u003c\/b\u003e....................................................................................................... 343\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eBibliography \u003c\/b\u003e....................................................................................................... 345\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peter Lang AG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51044479959383,"sku":"9783631806524","price":57.74,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9783631806524.jpg?v=1750961752","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/childless-marriages-and-child-adoption-among-the-igbo-9783631806524","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}