{"product_id":"charged-aerosol-detection-for-liquid-chromatography-and-related-separation-techniques-9780470937785","title":"Charged Aerosol Detection for Liquid","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis is the first book dedicated to charged aerosol detection for HPLC and related techniques. It provides detailed insight into the actual and potential applications of charged aerosol detection across a wide range of industries, thereby enabling improved detection of a range of analytes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 1 Fundamentals of Charged Aerosol Detection 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Principles of Charged Aerosol Detection 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul H. Gamache and Stanley L. Kaufman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Summary 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 History and Introduction to the Technology 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Charged Aerosol Detection Process 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Nebulization 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Aerosol Conditioning 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Solvent Load Reduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Secondary Processes 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.3 Summary: Aerosol Transport 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Evaporation 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.1 Aerosol Evaporation Process 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.2 Evaporation Rate (\u003ci\u003eR\u003csub\u003ee\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e) 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.3 Dried Particle Size 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.4 Volatility and Detector Response 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.5 Particle Size Dependency 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.6 Ionizable Solutes 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.7 Background Solutes: Impurities 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.8 Summary 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Aerosol Charging 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.1 Mechanisms 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.2 Diffusion Charging Overview 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.3 Unipolar Diffusion Charging Theory 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.4 CAD “Corona Jet” Charger Design 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4.5 Corona Ion Jet and Aerosol Particle Jet 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Summary of Aerosol Charging 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Summary of CAD Process 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 CAD Response Model 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Primary Droplet Size Distribution 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Impactor 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Drying and Residue Formation 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3.1 Residue Particle Parameters 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Charging of Residue Particles 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 Ion Removal 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5.1 Attenuation of Particle Signal by Ion Trap 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6 Signal Current 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.7 Signal from an Eluting Peak: Peak Shape 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.8 Peak Area Versus Injected Mass 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.9 Summary 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Performance Characteristics 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Response Curve: Shape and Dynamic Range 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.1 Semivolatile Analytes 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.2 Calibration 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Peak Shape 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Mass Versus Concentration Sensitivity 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Sensitivity Limits 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Response Uniformity 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5.1 Solvent Gradient Effects 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5.2 Analyte Volatility and Salt Formation 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5.3 Analyte Density 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5.4 Dependence of Aerosol Measurement Technique on Residue Particle Material 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6 CAD Versus Formation of Gaseous Ions for MS 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6.1 Pneumatically Assisted ESI 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6.2 APCI 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6.3 Main Differences between CAD and MS 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Charged Aerosol Detection: A Literature Review 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIan N. Acworth and William Kopaciewicz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 CAD History and Background 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Application Areas 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Carbohydrates 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Lipids 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Natural Products 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Other Application Areas 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Practical Use of CAD: Achieving Optimal Performance 163\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBruce Bailey, Marc Plante, David Thomas, Chris Crafts, and Paul H. Gamache\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Summary 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Introduction 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 First‐ and Second‐Generation Instrument Designs 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Liquid Flow Range 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Excess Liquid Removal 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Temperature Control 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Aerosol Creation and Transport 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Factors Influencing CAD Performance 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Analyte Properties 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Formation of Aerosol Residue Particles 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.2 Inherent Response of Downstream Aerosol Detector 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.3 Summary of Analyte Properties 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Eluent Properties and Composition 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Mass Transport 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 Eluent Purity 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.3 Mobile Phase Additives 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.4 Additional Sources of Eluent Impurities 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.5 Column Bleed 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.6 Basic Eluents 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.7 System Components and Laboratory Equipment 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.8 Summary 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 System Configurations 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Microscale LC 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Post‐column Addition 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Multi‐detector Configurations 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Method Transfer 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Calibration and Sensitivity Limits 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Power Function 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Summary of Calibration and Sensitivity Limits 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Aerosol‐Based Detectors in Liquid Chromatography: Approaches Toward Universal Detection and to Global Analysis 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoseph P. Hutchinson, Greg W. Dicinoski, and Paul R. Haddad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Summary 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Introduction 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Universal Detection Methods 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Factors Affecting the Response in Charged Aerosol Detection 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Gradient Compensation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Response Models 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Green Chemistry 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Temperature Gradient Separations 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Supercritical CO 2 Separations 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Capillary Separations 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Global Analysis and Multidimensional Separations 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Conclusions 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 2 Charged Aerosol Detection of Specific Analyte Classes 221\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Lipid Analysis with the Corona CAD 223\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDanielle Libong, Sylvie Héron, Alain Tchapla, and Pierre Chaminade\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Principles of Chromatographic Separation of Lipids 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Theory of Retention Mechanism in Reversed‐Phase Liquid Chromatography 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Optimizing Selectivity 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Note on Using pH Modifiers for Selectivity Optimization 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Application: Strategy of Lipid Separation 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Separation of Individual Lipid Classes 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Separation of Subclasses of Lipids 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.2 Argentation Chromatography 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Separation of Congeners Belonging to Specific Classes of Lipids 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Behavior of Lipid Separation in Reversed‐Phase Chromatography 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Behavior of Lipid Separation in Reversed‐Phase Sub‐ and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Multimodal Chromatographic Systems 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Identification of the Molecular Species 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7.1 Methodology for Identification of Congeners 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Literature Review: Early Use of Corona CAD in Lipid Analysis 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Biosciences 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Food Chemistry 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Pharmaceutical Sciences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.1 Emulsions 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.2 Liposomes 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.3 Surfactants 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.4 Contrast Agents 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.5 Determination of Degradation Product and Impurities 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Calibration Strategies 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Calibration Strategies in Quantitative Analysis of Lipids 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Classical Calibration (External Calibration, Normalization) 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Calibration in Absence of Standards 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Inorganic and Organic Ions 289\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiaodong Liu, Christopher A. Pohl, and Ke Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Technical Considerations 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Instrumentation Platform 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Separation Column 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Mobile Phase 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 CAD Parameter Setting 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Sensitivity 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Calibration Curve, Dynamic Range, Accuracy, and Precision 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Applications 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Counterions and Salts 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Bisphosphonate 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Phosphorylated Carbohydrates 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Ionic Liquids 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Pesticides 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Other Applications 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Concluding Remarks 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Determination of Carbohydrates Using Liquid Chromatography with Charged Aerosol Detection 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeffrey S. Rohrer and Shinichi Kitamura\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Summary 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Liquid Chromatography of Carbohydrates 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Charged Aerosol Detection 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Why LC‐CAD for Carbohydrate Analysis? 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Early Applications of CAD to Carbohydrate Analysis 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Additional Applications of CAD to Carbohydrate Analysis 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Polymers and Surfactants 327\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDawen Kou, Gerald Manius, Hung Tian, and Hitesh P. Chokshi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Summary 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Introduction 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Polymer Analysis 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Polyethylene Glycol 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 PEG Reagents 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Low Molecular Weight PEGs 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 PEGylated Molecules 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Surfactants 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Application of Charged Aerosol Detection in Traditional Herbal Medicines 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLijuan Liang, Yong Jiang, and Pengfei Tu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Summary 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Introduction 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Factors that Affect the Sensitivity of CAD 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Mobile Phase Composition 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Effects of Nitrogen Gas Purity on the Sensitivity of CAD 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 The Effect of Mobile Phase Modifiers 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Comparison of Flow Rate Effect on the Sensitivity of CAD 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Application of CAD in Quality Analysis of Traditional Herbal Medicines 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Determination of Saponins in Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng by CAD Coupled with HPLC 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Determination of Ginsenosides by LC‐CAD 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Other Applications of CAD 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection 3 Industrial Applications of Charged Aerosol Detection 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Charged Aerosol Detection in Pharmaceutical Analysis: An Overview 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Swartz, Mark Emanuele, and Amber Awad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Summary 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Introduction 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Analytical Method Development 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Analytical Method Validation 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 CAD in Analytical Method Transfer 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 CAD in Formulation Development and Ion Analysis 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Carbohydrate Analysis by CAD 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 CAD in Stability Analyses 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Conclusion 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Impurity Control in Topiramate with High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Validation and Comparison of the Performance of Evaporative Light Scattering Detection and Charged Aerosol Detection 379\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Ilko, Robert C. Neugebauer, Sophie Brossard, Stefan Almeling, Michael Türck, and Ulrike Holzgrabe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Summary 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Introduction 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Material and Methods 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Reagents and Material 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 HPLC–ELSD\/CAD 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 TLC and HPTLC Limit Test for Impurity A 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Results and Discussion 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Method Validation: Impurity Control 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Method Validation: Assay 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 TLC and HPTLC Limit Test for Impurity A 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Applying Charged Aerosol Detection to Aminoglycosides: Development and Validation of an RP‐HPLC Method for Gentamicin and Netilmicin 393\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArul Joseph and Abu Rustum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Background 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Development and Validation of an RP‐HPLC Method for Gentamicin Using Charged Aerosol Detection 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Method Development 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Selection of Detector 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.2 Related Substances 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.3 Mobile Phase Composition and Column Selection 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.4 Sample Preparation 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Method Validation 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Experimental 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Specificity 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.3 Linearity 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.4 Accuracy 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.5 Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.6 Reproducibility and Precision 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.7 Robustness 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.8 Alternate Column Validation 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.9 Calculation 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.10 Chromatographic Conditions of the Final Method 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Discussion 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Application of Strategy to Netilmicin Sulfate 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Method Development 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.1 Sample Preparation 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Method Validation 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Specificity 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Linearity 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.3 Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.4 Robustness 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.5 Calculation 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.6 Chromatographic Conditions of the Final Method 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Discussion 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusion 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Muscle Relaxants with Their Impurities in Pharmaceutical Preparations by LC‐CAD 425\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAgata Blazewicz, Magdalena Poplawska, Malgorzata Warowna‐Grzeskiewicz, Katarzyna Sarna, and Zbigniew Fijalek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Summary 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Introduction 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Experimental 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Equipment and Conditions 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Material Studied 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Standard Solutions 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Results and Discussion 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Selection of Chromatographic Conditions 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.1 LC‐CAD Method for Atracurium, Cisatracurium, and Mivacurium and Their Impurities 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.2 LC‐CAD Method for Pancuronium and Its Impurities 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Identification of Analytes 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Validation of the Methods 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.1 Linearity 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.2 Detection and Quantitation Limits 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.3 Precision and Accuracy 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3.4 Range 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Determination of Active Substances and Impurities in Pharmaceutical Preparations 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 Stability 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Charged Aerosol Detection of Scale Inhibiting Polymers in Oilfield Chemistry Applications 449\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan K. Thompson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Summary 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Background to Scale Inhibition in Oilfields 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 General Background 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Squeeze Programs 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Polymeric Inhibitors 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Historical Methods of Analysis 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Charged Aerosol Detection for Polymeric Scale Inhibitors 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Theoretical Application of CAD 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Practical Application of CAD 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Typical Validation of Methodology 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.1 Linearity of Detection 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.2 Precision of Injection 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.3 Assay Accuracy and Precision 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.4 Assay Ruggedness 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.5 Assay Ruggedness 2: Inter‐instrument Variability 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.6 Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3.7 Analysis of Routine Oilfield Brine Samples for Polymeric Scale Inhibitor Using HPLC‐CAD 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Limits of Methodology 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusions and Further Work 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Applications of Charged Aerosol Detection for Characterization of Industrial Polymers 471\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Cools and Ton Brooijmans\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Liquid Chromatography of Polymers 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Solvents 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Quantitative Detection of Polymer Molecules 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Ultraviolet Detection 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Differential Refractive Index Detection 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Evaporative Detection 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Charged Aerosol Detection 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.5 Molar Mass Dependent Detection 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.6 Mass Spectrometry 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Size Exclusion Chromatography and Charged Aerosol Detection 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography and CAD 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV, CAD, and MS Detection 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 LC‐ESI‐TOF MS System at DSM Coating Resins 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Typical Examples of Industrial Applications Using LC‐MS‐CAD 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.1 Raw Material Analysis 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.2 Intermediates 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.3 End Products 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Epilogue 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 501\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49402461356375,"sku":"9780470937785","price":100.76,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780470937785.jpg?v=1730480479","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/charged-aerosol-detection-for-liquid-chromatography-and-related-separation-techniques-9780470937785","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}