{"product_id":"blockchains-9781119781011","title":"Blockchains","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlockchains Empowering Technologies and Industrial Applications\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA comprehensive guide to the most recent developments in blockchains in theoretical and industrial perspectives\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOriginally introduced as a method to keep track of Bitcoin transactions over a peer-to-peer network, blockchain  is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography into a  chain held in public databases. The use of this technology has grown since its cryptocurrency creation and now store three types of information: 1) transactions, including the date, time, and value of purchases; 2) records of participates in transactions; and 3) unique code known as a hash that distinguishes one block from another. A single block on the blockchain can hold 1 MB of data, or potentially thousands of transactions  this then can allow  for hundreds of thousands of transactions to be recorded as each block can join the state-of-the-art blockchain. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBlock\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Contributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xxxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xliii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnwer Al-Dulaimi, Octavia A. Dobre, and Chih-Lin I\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Exploring Blockchain Technology 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Developing and Testing Blockchains: Software Development Approach 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Blockchains and Cloud Integration 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Blockchain and Mobile Networking 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Open Architecture and Blockchains 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Open API and Monetization of Mobile Network Infrastructure 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Using Blockchain Technology to Tokenize API Access 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Monetize Mobile Network Infrastructure 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Resiliency of Current Blockchain Models 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Next Evolution in Blockchain Functions 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Book Objectives and Organization 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Enabling Technologies and Distributed Storage 21\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSina Rafati Niya and Burkhard Stiller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Data Storage 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Distributed File Systems 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Cloud Storage Systems 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Blockchains 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Building Elements of Blockchains 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Mining in Blockchains 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Blockchain-Based Data Storage 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Blockchain Types 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Distributed Storage Systems 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 DSS Layers 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Distributed Storage Challenges 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.1 Security 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.2 Reliability 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.3 Economic Incentives 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.4 Coordination 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2.5 Monetization 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 DSS Implementations 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 DSS Use Cases 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4.1 SCT dApps 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4.2 SCT dApp Food Chain Example 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Performance Evaluation of DSSs 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 The Future of DSS 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Concluding Considerations 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Managing Consensus in Distributed Transaction Systems 53\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHans Walter Behrens, Kasim Selçuk Candan, and Dragan Boscovic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Ledgers and Consensus 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Distributed Ledgers 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Consensus 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.1 Consensus for Consistent Data Storage 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.2 Consensus for Transaction Ordering 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.3 Consensus as a Defense Against Bad Actors 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Industrial Case Study 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Consensus Protocols, Then and Now 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 State Machine Replication 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Byzantine Fault Tolerance 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Nakamoto Consensus 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Hybrid Consensus 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Cryptographic Nakamoto Proofs 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Proof of Work 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Proof of Stake 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Chain-Based Proof of Stake 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Proof of Capacity 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Proof of Time 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Challenges to Scalability 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Communication Complexity 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Asynchronous Context 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Participant Churn 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 The Blockchain Scalability Problem 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Block Size and Propagation 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Larger Blocks 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Shorter Rounds 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Committees, Groups, and Sharding 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Committees 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Groups 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Sharding 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Transaction Channels 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Trust-Weighted Agreement 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Off-Chain Transactions 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Lightning Network 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Checkpointing and Finality Gadgets 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Probabilistic Finality 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Checkpointing 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.3 Finality Gadgets 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Bootstrapping 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Networking 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Data 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Future Trends 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Private Consensus 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Improved Oracles 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.3 Streaming Consensus 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Conclusion 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Security, Privacy, and Trust of Distributed Ledgers Technology 91\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSaqib Rasool, Muddesar Iqbal, Shancang Li, Tasos Dagiuklas, and Saptarshi Ghosh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 CAP Theorem and DLT 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Distributed Database System (DDBS) 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Evolution of DDBS to the Blockchain 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Public vs Permissioned Blockchains 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Evolution of Blockchain to the DLTs 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 CAP Theorem 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 CAP Theorem and Consensus Algorithms 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Availability and Partition Tolerance (AP) Through PoW 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Consistency and Partition Tolerance (CP) Through PBFT 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Consistency and Availability (CA) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Security and Privacy of DLT 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Security Differs by DLT 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Security and Requirements for Transactions 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Security Properties of DLT 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Challenges and Trends in DLT Security 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Security in DLT 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Governance Scenario Security 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 DLT Application Security 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 DLT Data Security 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Transactions Security 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 DLT Infrastructure Security 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Privacy Issues in DLT 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Cyberattacks and Fraud 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Challenges 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Key Privacy and Security Techniques in DLT 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 DLT Implementation and Blockchain 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1.1 Origin of Blockchain 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1.2 Bitcoin 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1.3 Monero 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Blockchain and Smart Contracts 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Typical Blockchain Systems 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.1 Ethereum Classic (ETC) 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.2 Ethereum (ETH) 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.3 Extensibility of Blockchain and DLT 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Origin of Blockchain 3.0 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Overview of Hyperledger Fabric 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 DLT of IOTA Tangle 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Trilemma of Security, Scalability, and Decentralization 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 First-Generation Solutions: BTC\/BCH 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Second-Generation Solutions: ETH\/BSC 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3 Threats in DLT and Blockchain Networks 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Security Architecture in DLT and Blockchain 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Threat Model in LDT 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Research Trends and Challenges 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Blockchains for Business – Permissioned Blockchains 117\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZiliang Lai and Eric Lo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Major Architectures of Permissioned Blockchains 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Order–Execute 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Simulate–Order–Validate 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Simulation Phase 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.2 Ordering Phase 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.3 Validation Phase 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Comparison and Analysis 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Improving Order–Execute Using Deterministic Concurrency Control 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Calvin 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Bohm 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Bcdb 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3.1 Simulation Phase 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3.2 Commit Phase 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Aria 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4.1 Simulation Phase 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4.2 Analysis Phase 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4.3 Commit Phase 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Comparison and Analysis 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Improving Execute–Order–Validate 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Transaction Reordering 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Early Abort 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 FastFabric 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Scale-Out by Sharding 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Trends of Development 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Trusted Hardware 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Chainify DBMSs 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Attestation Infrastructures for Automotive Cybersecurity and Vehicular Applications of Blockchains 141\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas Hardjono\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Cybersecurity of Automotive and IoT Systems 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Protecting Assets in Smart Cars 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Reported Cases 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Trusted Computing Base for Automotive Cybersecurity 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Special Hardware for Security 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Truthful Reporting: The Challenge of Attestations 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The TCB and Development of Trusted Hardware 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 The Trusted Computing Base 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Resource-Constrained Automotive Systems: Thin TPMs 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Virtualized TPMs for ECUs 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 The DICE Model and Cyber-Resilient Systems 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Attestations in Automotive Systems 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 A Reference Framework for Attestations 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Entities, Roles, and Actors 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Variations in Evidence Collations and Deliveries 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Composite Attestations for Automotive Systems 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Appraisal Policies 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Vehicle Wallets for Blockchain Applications 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Vehicular Application Scenarios 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Protection of Keys in Automotive Wallets 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Types of Evidence from Wallets 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Blockchain Technology for Future Attestation Infrastructures 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Challenges in the Supply-Chain of Endorsements 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Decentralized Infrastructures 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Example of Verifier Tasks 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Notarization Records and Location Records 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.5 Desirable Properties of Blockchain-Based Approaches 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.6 Information within the Notarization Record 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.7 Information in the Location Record 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.8 The Compliance Certifications Record 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Areas for Innovation and Future Research 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Conclusion 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Blockchain for Mobile Networks 185\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXavier Costa-Pérez, Vincenzo Sciancalepore, Lanfranco Zanzi, and Antonio Albanese\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Next-Generation Mobile Networks: Technology Enablers and Challenges 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Mobile Networks: Technology Enablers 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Cloud Computing (CC) 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.4 Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.5 5G-New Radio (5G-NR) and Millimeter Wave (mmWave) 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Mobile Networks: Technology Challenges 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Scalability in Massive Communication Scenarios 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Efficient Resource Sharing 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Network Slicing and Multi-tenancy 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.4 Security 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Blockchain Applicability to Mobile Networks and Services 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Background and Definitions 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Blockchain for Radio Access Networks 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Blockchain for Core, Cloud, and Edge Computing 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.1 Data Provenance 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.2 Encrypted Data Indexing 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.3 Mobile Network Orchestration 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.4 Mobile Task Offloading 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.5 Service Automation 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Blockchain for Network Slicing 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 The Network Slice Broker (NSB) 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 NSB Blockchain Architecture (NSBchain) 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.1 Technical Challenges 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 NSBchain Modeling 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.1 System Setup 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.2 Message Exchange 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.3 Billing Management 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 NSBchain Evaluation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 Experimental Setup 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.2 Full-Scale Evaluation 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.3 Brokering Scenario Evaluation 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Work 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Blockchains for Cybersecurity and AI Systems 215\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDragan Boscovic, Kasim Selçuk Candan, Petar Jevtić, Nicolas Lanchier, Sasa Pesic, and Axel La Salle\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Securing Blockchains and Traditional IT Architectures 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 On Securing a Blockchain Platform 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Public Blockchains Cybersecurity 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Vulnerabilities Categorization 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Technical Limitations, Legal Liabilities, and Connected 3rd-Party Applications 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Cybersecurity Issues 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.3 Public Blockchain 1.0: PoW and PoS 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.4 Public Blockchain 1.0: DPoS 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.5 Public Blockchain 2.0: Ethereum Smart Contracts 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.6 Public Blockchain 2.0 – Privacy Issues 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Private Blockchains Cybersecurity 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Hyperledger Fabric Architecture 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 HLF Vulnerabilities Categorization 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Modeling Blockchain Vulnerabilities Using Graph Theory 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Petri Nets 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Bond Percolation and Random Graphs 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Security: Blockchain for IoT 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 IoT Security Vulnerabilities 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Blockchain–IoT Convergence 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2.1 Enhancing IoT Security Features 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Blockchain for Federated AI 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 FML Basic Principles 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Case Study: Blockchain-Based FML in Large-Scale Environmental Sensing 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 6G Resource Management and Sharing: Blockchain and O-RAN 253\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHao Xu, Paulo Valente Klaine, Oluwakayode Onireti, and Chih-Lin I\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Spectrum Management 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Benefit of Using the Blockchain 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Blockchain Background 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Impact of Consensus and Security Performance 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Application Scenarios 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 IoT and D2D Communications 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Network Slicing 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Network Slicing Broker 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Integration of Blockchain to Network Slicing and Resource Brokerage 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Inter-Domain Blockchain Ecosystem 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Blockchain Introduction on Mutual Authentication, Identities, and Certifications for O-RAN 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.1 O-RAN Common Protocol Stack Integration of PDCP 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6.2 O-RAN Interface Integration Scenario 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7 Challenges of Applying the Blockchain Technology in Resource Sharing and Spectrum Management 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusions 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Blockchain for Smart Healthcare 287\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDinh C. Nguyen, Pubudu N. Pathirana, Ming Ding, and Aruna Seneviratne\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Smart Healthcare Architecture with Blockchain 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Blockchain-Based Healthcare Architecture 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Blockchain Design 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Blockchain for EMRs Data Sharing in Collaborative Healthcare 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 User Authentication with Smart Contract 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.1 Initialization Phase 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.2 Registration Phase 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.3 User Authentication Phase 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Health Data Retrieval with Blockchain 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Blockchain Mining Design for Smart Healthcare System 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Miner Node Selection 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.1 Reputation Calculation 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.2 Miner Selection 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Lightweight Block Verification 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Latency of Block Verification 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Experimental Results 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Experimental Settings 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Evaluation of EMRs Sharing Performance 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.1 Authentication Cost 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.2 Data Retrieval Latency 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Evaluation of Blockchain Performance 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3.1 Blockchain Consensus Performance 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Security Analysis 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4.1 Data Privacy 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4.2 Authentication 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4.3 Traceability 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusions 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Blockchain Standards 315\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHui Ding, Xiaofeng Chen, Kyeong Hee Oh, Ismael Arribas, Jörn Erbguth, Alexander Chuburkov, Lisa J. Y. Tan, and Xiangjuan Jia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Role of Blockchain Standards 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 A Brief Introduction to Standards 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Initiatives of Blockchain Standards 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Landscape of Blockchain Standards 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Blockchain Standards in IEEE 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Blockchain Standards in ITU-T 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Blockchain Standards in ISO 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Regional, National, and Industrial Blockchain Standards 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.1 Etsi 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.2 DIN in Germany 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.3 UNE CTN 71\/SC307 in Spain 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.4 LACChain Alliance in Latin America and the Caribbean 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.5 ISO, ITU Participation, and National Blockchain Standards for Financial Asset Management in Russia 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.6 Blockchain Standards in China and Financial Sector Application 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4.7 Blockchain Standards in Communication Networks 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 From Blockchain Standards to Industrial Adoption 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 349\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48738371993943,"sku":"9781119781011","price":85.46,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/blockchains-9781119781011","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}