{"product_id":"bitterness-9781118590294","title":"Bitterness","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe increasing demand for healthy foods has resulted in the food industry developing functional foods with health-promoting and\/or disease preventing properties. However, many of these products bring new challenges. While drugs are taken for their efficacy, functional foods need to have tastes that are acceptable to consumers. Bitterness associated with the functional foods is one of the major challenges encountered by food industry today and will remain so in years to come. This important book offers a thorough understanding of bitterness, the food ingredients that cause it and its accurate measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors provide a thorough review of bitterness that includes an understanding of the genetics of bitterness perception and the molecular basis for individual differences in bitterness perception. This is followed by a detailed review of the chemical structure of bitter compounds in foods where bitterness may be considered to be a positive or negative attribute. To better\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION I THE BIOLOGY OF BITTERNESS PERCEPTION 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Biochemistry of Human Bitter Taste Receptors 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJasbir Upadhyaya, Nisha Singh, Raj Bhullar, and Prashen Chelikani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Bitter taste receptors: T2Rs 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 T2R signal transduction 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Bitter taste perception and T2R polymorphisms 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Ligand binding and activation mechanisms of T2Rs 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Nutrigenomics of taste 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Bitter taste blockers 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Expression of T2Rs in extraoral tissues 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Conclusion 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Physiological Aspects of Bitterness 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaik Behrens and Wolfgang Meyerhof\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Anatomy 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Taste signal transduction 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Gustatory bitter taste receptor gene expression 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Extragustatory bitter taste receptors 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Outlook 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Bitterness Perception in Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eHui Yang and Peng Shi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Bitter taste receptors - A group of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) members 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Tas2R gene family - A highly diverse family in vertebrates 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Bitter taste receptors - a group of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) members 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The evolution of Tas2R gene family in vertebrates 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Diverse selective forces drove the evolution of Tas2R genes in primates 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Genetical basis of tasteblindness – human PTC perception as an example 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 PTC tasteblindness in humans and chimpanzees - shared phenotype resulted from unshared genotypes 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Closing remarks 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION II THE CHEMISTRY OF BITTERNESS 49\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Fruits and Vegetables 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eErnst Hoehn and Daniel Baumgartner\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Fruits 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Flavonoids, flavonols and limonoid aglycones in grapefruit, orange and lemons 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Cyanogenic glycoside in apricot, almonds and other species 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Vegetables 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, turnips\/Swedes and collards and kale: glucosinolates\/isothiocyanates and phenolics 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Carrots: 6-Methoxymellein, polyacetylenes and phenolic acids 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Potatoes, tomatoes and other solanum species: glycoalkaloids 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Future progress 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Bitterness in Beverages 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAyyappan A. Aachary and N. A. Michael Eskin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Bitterness in tea 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Bitterness in coffee 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Bitterness in cocoa\/hot chocolate 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Bitterness in beer 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Bitterness in wine 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Bitterness in cider 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Structural Characteristics of Food Protein-Derived Bitter Peptides 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRotimi E. Aluko\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Bitter peptides preparation and taste evaluation 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Role of amino acid composition and position arrangement in determining peptide bitterness intensity 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Relationship between peptide hydrophobicity and bitterness intensity 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Influence of peptide chain length and N- or C-terminal amino acid residue 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Amino acid type and position on peptide chain 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Influence of amino acid isomeric configuration 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Peptide Debittering Methods 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Peptide complexation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Hydrophobic column adsorption 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Enzyme treatment 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusions 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION III ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SEPARATING AND CHARACTERIZING BITTER COMPOUNDS 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sensory Evaluation Techniques for Detecting and Quantifying Bitterness in Food and Beverages 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDonna Ryland, Erin Goldberg, and Michel Aliani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Screening methods 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Test methods 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Techniques to maximize bitterness perception 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Use of standards 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusion 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Analysis of Bitterness Compounds by Mass Spectrometry 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeraldine Dowling\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Overview of LC-MS 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Electrospray ionisation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Solvents 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Additives 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 pH 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Adduct formation 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Ion-Pairing and ion exchange 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Data acquisition in LC-MS 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Targeted compound screening 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Non-targeted compound (retrospective) screening 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Ion annotation 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Mass-based identification 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Spectral interpretation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.6 Spectral matching 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.7 Compound identification 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 LC-MS application of bitterness compounds 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Bitter compound quantitation by triple quadrupole and selected ion monitoring 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Quantitation of bitter compounds by LC-IT-MS and LC-HRMS 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Challenges and future perspectives 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Optimisation of mass spectra parameters 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Recording of MSn profile 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Challenges in the collection of HRMS data 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Conclusions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Evaluation of Bitterness by the Electronic Tongue: Correlation between Sensory Tests and Instrumental Methods 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichel Aliani, Ala’a Eideh, Fatemeh Ramezani Kapourchali, Rehab Alharbi, and Ronak Fahmi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The electronic tongue 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Sensor arrays 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Data processing 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 The electronic tongue and food production 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Electronic tongue and bitterness 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Evaluating bitterness in food products using electronic tongues 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSECTION IV METHODS FOR REMOVING BITTERNESS IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Methods for Removing Bitterness in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eErin Goldberg, Jennifer Grant, Michel Aliani, and Michael Eskin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Reducing and removing bitter components 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Physical methods 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 Temperature treatment 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 Ion exchange and adsorbent resins 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.3 Extraction with sub-critical water 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Chemical methods 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Fermentation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Aging and polymerization of phenols 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.3 Alkalization 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Masking techniques 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.1 Flavorings 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.2 Amino acids 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.3 Aroma additions 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.4 Gluconate and acetate 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.5 Lipids: phospholipids and fatty acids 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.6 Zinc, lactate, and acetate 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Bitter blockers 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Conclusion 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 237\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406892671319,"sku":"9781118590294","price":165.25,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118590294.jpg?v=1730497466","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/bitterness-9781118590294","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}