{"product_id":"bird-strike-in-aviation-9781119529736","title":"Bird Strike in Aviation","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroundbreaking Handbook Offers Detailed Research and Valuable Methodology to Address Dangerous and Costly Aviation Hazard\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThough annual damages from bird and bat collisions with aircraft have been estimated at $400 million in the United States and up to $1.2 billion in commercial aviation worldwide and despite numerous conferences and councils dedicated to the issue, very little has been published on this expensive and sometimes-lethal flying risk. \u003ci\u003eBird Strike in Aviation\u003c\/i\u003e seeks to fill this gap, providing a comprehensive guide to preventing and minimizing damage caused by bird strike on aircraft.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, Dr. El-Sayed offers different approaches to reducing bird strikes, including detailed coverage of the three categories necessary for such reduction, namely, awareness\/education, bird management (active and passive control), and aircraft design. In addition, the text discusses the importance \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Bird Strike: Foreign Object Damage (FOD) 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 A Brief History of Bird Strike 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Brief Statistics of Bird Strike 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Classification of Birds Based on Size 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Small Birds (Less than 2 lb) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Small–Medium Birds (2–4 lb) 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Medium–Large Birds (4–8 lb) 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Large Birds (8–12 lb) 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Massive Birds (12–30 lb) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Bird Strike Risk 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Civilian Aircraft 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Military Aircraft 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Helicopters 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Severity of Bird Strikes 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Field Experience of Aircraft Industry and Airlines Regarding Bird Ingestion into Aero Engines 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Pratt \u0026amp; Whitney (USA) 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 General Electric Aviation (USA) 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Southwest Airlines (USA) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 MTU (Germany) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.5 FL Technics (Vilnius, Lithuania) 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Bird Strike Committees 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Aircraft Damage 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Accidents vs. Incidents 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Accident 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Serious Injury 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Incident 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Consequences of Bird Strike 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Impact Force 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Locations of Bird Strike Damage for Airliners 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Nose and Radar Dome (Radome) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Windshield and Flight Cockpit 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Landing Gear and Landing Gear Systems 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Fuselage 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Wings 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.6 Empennage 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7 Power Plant 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.8 Propeller 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.9 V‐22 Osprey as a Military Example 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.10 Other Strikes to Aircraft Instruments 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Helicopters 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Some Accident Data 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Rotary‐Wing Aircraft (Helicopters) 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Statistics for Different Aspects of Bird Strikes 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Statistics for Bird Strike 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Classifying Bird Strikes 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Single or Multiple Large Bird(s) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Relatively Small Numbers of Medium‐Sized Birds (2–10 Birds) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Large Flocks of Relatively Small Birds (Greater Than 10 Birds) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Classification of Birds Based on Critical Sites in the Aerodrome 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Birds Flying or Soaring Over the Aerodrome or Approach Paths (100–4000 ft AGL) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Birds Flying, Sailing Low, or Hovering Over Active Runway and Shoulders (2200 ft AGL) 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Birds Perching and Walking on Runway\/Shoulders 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Birds Squatting on the Runway to Rest 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Birds Feeding on Live or Dead Insects or Animals on the Runway 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Birds Perched on Runway Lights, Floodlight Towers, Electric Poles, and Other Perches 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Transport Aircraft (Airliners, Civilian, and Military Cargo) 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1.1 Airframe 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1.2 Engines 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 General Aviation Aircraft 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Light Non‐Commuter Aircraft 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Rotorcrafts 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Large Rotorcraft 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Small Rotorcraft 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Statistics for Fixed‐Wing Civilian Aircraft 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Critical Parts of Turbofan\/Turbojet Aircraft 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Critical Modules of Turboprop\/Piston Aircraft 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Bird Strike Versus Altitude 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Bird Strike by the Phase of Flight 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.5 Annual Bird Strike Statistics 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.6 Monthly Bird Strike Statistics 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.7 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.8 Bird Strike by Continent 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.9 Bird Strike by Weight of Birds 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.10 Bird Strike by Aircraft Category 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.11 Bird Strike by Bird Species 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.12 Populations of Some Dangerous Bird Species in North America 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.13 Dangerous Bird Species in Europe 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Military Aviation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Introduction 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Annual Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.3 Annual Costs of Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.4 Statistics of Bird Strike by Altitude 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.5 Bird Strike by Aircraft Type 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.6 Bird Strike by Flight Phase 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.7 Bird Strike by the Distance from the Base 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.8 Bird Strike by Month 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.9 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.10 Bird Strike by Part 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.11 Critical Bird Species 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Bird Strikes on Helicopters (Rotating Wing Aircraft) 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Bird Strike with Civilian Helicopters 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Bird Strike with Military Helicopters 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Birds Killed in Strikes with Aircraft 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Fatal Bird Strike Accidents 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Civil Aircraft 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Introduction 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Statistics of Annual Fatal Accidents Due to Bird Strike 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Statistics of Critical Flight Phases 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Fatal Accidents of Civil Aircraft 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Statistics for Civil Aircraft Accidents 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Statistics for Critical Damaged Parts of Aircraft 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Statistics for Strikes with Different Types of Engines 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Effects of the Wildlife Strike on the Flight 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Dangerous Birds 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Statistics for Bird Strike Incidents\/Accidents in the USA (1990–2015) 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Statistics for Russian Accidents (1988–1990) 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Military Aircraft 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Statistics for Military Aircraft Accidents 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Statistics for Ex‐Soviet Union Air Force in East Germany 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Details of Some Accidents for Military Aircraft 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Details of Accidents for Military Aircraft in Norway in 2016 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6 Comparison between Bird Strikes with Civilian and Military Aircraft 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Helicopters 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Introduction 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Civil and Military Helicopters in the USA 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Statistics for Bird Strikes with a Flight Phase 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.4 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Time of Day 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.5 Statistics for Parts of Helicopters Struck by Birds (January 2009 Through February 2016) 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.6 Statistics for Bird Species Striking and Damaging Helicopters 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.7 Fatal Accidents 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusions 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Bird Migration 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Why Do Birds Migrate? 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Some Migration Facts 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Basic Types of Migration 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Classification of Migration Based on the Pattern 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Classification of Migration Based on the Type of Motion 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Classification of Migration Based on Distance Traveled 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Permanent Residents 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Flight Speed of Migrating Birds 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Navigation of Migrating Birds 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Migration Threats 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Migratory Bird Flyways 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Introduction 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 North American Migration Flyways – The Four Ways 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.1 The Atlantic Flyway 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.2 The Mississippi Flyway 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.3 The Central Flyway 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.4 The Pacific Flyway 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 The Americas Bird Migration 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3.1 North–South Americas 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3.2 Alaska’s Flyways 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.4 Africa Eurasia Flyways 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.5 East Asian–Australian Flyways 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Radio Telemetry 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Bird Strike Management 205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Why Birds Are Attracted to Airports 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Food 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Water 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Cover 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Misconceptions or Myths 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 The FAA National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Management for Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Reduction of Bird Strike Hazard 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Awareness 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Airfield Bird Control 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Aircraft Design 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Control of Airport and Surroundings 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Active Controls 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Auditory (or Bioacoustic) Methods 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.1 Pyrotechnics 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.2 Gas Cannons 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.3 Bioacoustics 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Visual Techniques 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.1 Lasers 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.2 Falconry 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.3 Dogs 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.4 Scarecrow 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.5 Human Scarer 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.6 Radio‐Controlled Craft 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.7 All‐Terrain Vehicles (ATV) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.8 Pulsating Lights 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.9 Scaring Aircraft 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.10 The Robotic Peregrine, Hawk and Falcon (Robop and Robird) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.11 Corpses 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Lethal Techniques 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.1 Shooting 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.2 Live Trapping 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.3 Removal of Nests and Young 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.4 Egg Manipulation 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Chemical Repellents 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4.1 Polybutene 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4.2 Anthraquinone 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4.3 Methyl Anthranilate 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4.4 Naphthalene 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4.5 Avitrol 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5 Exclusion 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5.1 Netting 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5.2 Porcupine Wire (Nixalite) 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5.3 Bird‐B‐Gone 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5.4 Avi‐Away 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5.5 Fine Wires (Large‐Area Applications) 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5.6 Bird Balls\u003csup\u003e™\u003c\/sup\u003e 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Habitat Modification or Passive Management Techniques 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Food Control 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Water Control 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Shelter Control 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3.1 Managing Reforested Areas 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3.2 Landscaping 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Air Traffic Service Providers 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.1 Controllers and Flight‐Service Specialists 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.2 Terminal Controllers 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.3 Tower and Ground Controllers 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.4 Flight Service Specialists (FSS) 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5 Pilots 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.1 Preflight Preparation 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.2 Taxiing for Takeoff 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.3 Takeoff 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.4 Climb 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.5 En Route 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.6 Approach and Landing 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5.7 Post‐Flight 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6 Air Operators 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6.1 Introduction 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6.2 Air Operator General Flight Planning and Operating Principles 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6.3 Flight Planning 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6.4 Managing Agricultural Programs in Airfields 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Aircraft Design 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 Certification Standards 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1.1 Airframe Certification Standards 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1.2 Engine Certification Standards 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1.3 Improved Design and Material Developments of Both Airframe and Engine Parts 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2 Additional Requirements 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2.1 New Aircraft Categories 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2.2 Aircraft Modules 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Rotary‐Wing Aviation 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.1 Helicopters 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.2 Heliports 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Bird Avoidance 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1 Avian Radar 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1.1 Avian Radar Fundamentals 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1.2 Integration into Airport Operations 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.2 Optical Systems 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Airframe and Engine Bird Strike Testing 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Bird Impact Test Facilities 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Introduction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Test Facilities 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 USA 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Canada 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Europe 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Details of Some Test Facilities 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Aircraft Windshield and Airframe Testing 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 Chicken Gun or Chicken Cannon 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Alenia Plant Testing 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Engine Testing 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Artificial Birds Versus Real Birds 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.1 Real Birds 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.2 Artificial Birds 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Certification Requirements 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Airframe Testing of Transport Aircraft 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Wing Testing 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.1 Case Study 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Empennage Testing 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2.1 Case Study 1 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2.2 Case Study 2 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Airframe Testing of Military Aircraft 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Canopy and Windscreen 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Lift Fan Inlet Door (STOVL Mode) 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Engine Testing of Civil and Military Aircraft 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Certification Regarding Bird Strike 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Typical Damage to Turbofan Modules 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Helicopters 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Numerical Simulation of Bird Strike 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Numerical Steps 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Pre‐processing 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Solution 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Post‐processing 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Bird Impact Modeling 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Modeling the Geometry and Material of Birds 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Impact Modeling 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Numerical Approaches for Bird Strike 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Mathematical Models 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 The Lagrangian Method 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 The Eulerian Approach 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Case Study 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Leading Edges of Wing\/Tail 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.1 Wing 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.2 Vertical Tail 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.3 Horizontal Tail 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Sidewall Structure of an Aircraft Nose 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Windshield 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Fan 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Helicopter Windshield 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.6 Helicopter Rotor and Spinner 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Bird Identification 323\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Collecting Bird Strike Material 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Feathers 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Tissue\/Blood (“Snarge”) 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.1 Dry Material 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.2 Fresh Material 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Reporting and Shipping 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Methods Used to Identify Bird Strike Remains 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Examination by Eye 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Microscopic Examination 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Keratin Electrophoresis 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 DNA Analysis 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Accident Analysis 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 335\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407074173271,"sku":"9781119529736","price":111.56,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119529736.jpg?v=1730498086","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/bird-strike-in-aviation-9781119529736","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}