{"product_id":"biorefinery-of-oil-producing-plants-for-value-added-products-9783527348763","title":"Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn instructive and up-to-date pretreatment and industrial applications of oil producing plants\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBiorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products\u003c\/i\u003e is a two-volume set that delivers a comprehensive exploration of oil producing plants, from their availability to their pretreatment, bioenergy generation, chemical generation, bioproduct generation, and economic impact. The distinguished team of editors has included a wide variety of highly instructive resources written by leading contributors to the field. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis set explores the current and future potential of bioenergy production to address the energy and climate crisis, as well as the technologies used to produce materials like biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biochar, fuel pellets, and biohydrogen. It also discusses the production of biobased chemicals, including bio-oil, biosurfactants, catanionic surfactants, glycerol, biovanillin, bioplastic, and plant-oil based polyurethanes. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcluding with an insightful analysis of the economic effects of oil producing plants, the set also offers readers: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA thorough introduction to the availability of oil producing plants, including palm oil, castor oil, jatropha, nyamplung, and coconut\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA comprehensive exploration of the pretreatment of oil producing plants, including the physical, chemical and biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePractical discussion of the generation of bioenergy, including biogas generation in the palm oil mill and biodiesel production techniques using jatropha\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn-depth examinations of the generation of biobased chemicals, including those produced from the tobacco plant\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers and industry practitioners involved with the biorefinery of oil producing plants, \u003ci\u003eBiorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products\u003c\/i\u003e also belongs in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying agriculture, chemistry, engineering, and microbiology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eVolume 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A Glance On Oil Producing Plants, Pretreatment and Bioenergy Production Using Oil Producing Plant 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSuraini Abd-Aziz and Misri Gozan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Availability of Oil Producing Plants 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Demand and Sustainability of Palm Oil Plantation 13\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSuraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Lai-Yee Phang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Production and Consumption of Global Palm Oil Industry 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Major Hindrances in Sustainability Considerations 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Environmental Issues 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Socioeconomic Issues 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Future Sustainability Implications of the World Largest Palm Oil Producers 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Indonesia 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Malaysia 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Sustainable Versus Unsustainable Palm Oil Toward Carbon Neutral Emissions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Planting and Harvesting Jatropha 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePenjit Srinophakun, Anna Saimaneerat, and Vipa Hongtrakul\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 KUBP 78-9 and KUBP 202 Varieties 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Plant Spacing 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Plantation Layout and Data Collection 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Fertilizer Application 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Cutting Management 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Weed Control 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Insect, Pest, and Disease Control 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Jatropha Performance 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Plant Height and Canopy Width 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 First Flowering Day 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Rainfall 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Harvesting 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Seed Yield and Weight of 100-Seed 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusions 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Castor Oil (Ricinus communis) 51\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIs Fatimah, Suresh Sagadevan, Baranya Murugan, and Oki Muraza\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Source and Cultivation of the Castor Plant 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Castor Oil Production 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Cultivating and Harvesting Ricinus communis 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Extraction of Castor Oil 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Refining of Castor Oil 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Standardization of Castor Oil 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Castor Oil Products 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Biodiesel from Castor Oil 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Polymer from Castor Oil 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Plasticizer from Castor Oil 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Biolubricant from Castor Oil 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Pharmaceutical Solvent from Castor Oil 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusions 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil 79\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNurul Sabrena Hanafi, Misri Gozan, and Suraini Abd-Aziz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Characteristic of Nyamplung Seed Oil 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Extraction of Nyamplung Seed Oil 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Mechanical Extraction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.2 Solvent Oil Extraction (Chemical Extraction) 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Applications of Nyamplung Seed Oil 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3.1 Medicinal Purposes 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3.2 Cosmetic Ingredient 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3.3 Biodiesel 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Potential of Nyamplung Seed Oil as Biolubricant 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Reactions Involved in Biolubricants Manufacturing 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1.1 Transesterification 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1.2 Epoxidation 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Emerging Area of Biolubricant Industries Using Alternative Oil\/Seed Oil 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.1 Applications of Biolubricant 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.2 Chemical Modification of Biolubricant 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Conclusions 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Coconut Oil 99\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad A. Darmawan, Kiman Siregar, and Misri Gozan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Extraction Process of Coconut Oil 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Dry Extraction Process 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.1 Coconut Testa Oil 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.2 Copra Oil 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Coconut Refining Process 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.1 Chemical Refining Process 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.2 Physical Refining Process 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Wet Extraction Process 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.1 Heat and Cold Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.2 Fermentation and Enzymatic Process of Virgin Coconut Oil 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Physicochemical and Chemical Compositions of Coconut Oil 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 The Properties of Coconut Fruit 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Health Benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Virgin Coconut Oil Effects on Artery Disease 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Antioxidant Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Antidiabetic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Coconut Oil as Fuel 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Coconut Oil as Cooking Oil 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Productivity and Problems in Coconut Plantation 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Productivity of Coconut Plantation in Indonesia 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Problems of Coconut Plantation and Industry in Indonesia 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Conclusions 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Pretreatment 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Efficient Physical and Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLiping Tan, Jian Zhao, and Yinbo Qu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Type of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Bisulfite Pretreatment 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Formiline Pretreatment 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Hydrothermal Pretreatment 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Pretreatment 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Comparison of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment Methods 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Combinations of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Conclusions 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Ionic Solution Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 141\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChien-Yuan Su, Wei-Chun Hung, Chiung-Fang Liu, Bo-Jhih Lin, and Hou-Peng Wan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Overview of Biomass Hydrolysis 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Ionic Liquid Hydrolysis 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.1 Development and Principle of Ionic Liquid Hydrolysis 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.2 Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Case Study of Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Feedstock Analysis and Dissolution Efficiency 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Sugar Yields from Various Biomass via Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Purification of Hydrolysis Products 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.2 Reactive Distillation 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.3 Ion Exclusion Chromatography and Membrane Filtration 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Comparison of Hydrolysis Pretreatment Technologies and Summary 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 161\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSehanat Prasongsuk, Wichanee Bankeeree, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Hunsa Punnapayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Microorganisms and Enzymes Involved in Biological Pretreatment 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Fungal Pretreatment 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Enzymatic Pretreatment 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Factors Affecting Biological Pretreatment 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Cultivation Condition 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Incubation Time 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Moisture Content 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 pH and Temperature 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Value-Added Products 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Bioconversion into Fermentable Sugar for Bioethanol Production 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Biogas Production 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusions 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes 179\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdriana C. Lee, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Suraini Abd-Aziz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Lignin Types and Structures 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes (LDEs) 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Lignin Peroxidase or Ligninase (LiP) 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Versatile Peroxidase (VP) 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases (DyPs) 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Laccase 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6 New Enzymatic Delignification Activities 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6.1 β-Etherases (Glutathione-Dependent Lignin-Degrading Enzyme) 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6.2 Biphenyl-Binding Enzyme Cleavage Systems 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6.3 Enzyme O-Demethylation Networks 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.6.4 Activities of General Oxidative 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Application of LDE in Biorefinery Pretreatment 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Enzymes for Hemicellulose Degradation 199\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWichanee Bankeeree, Sehanat Prasongsuk, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Hunsa Punnapayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Hemicellulolytic Enzymes 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Xylanolytic Enzyme Classification 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Catalytic Mechanisms 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Sources and Properties of Xylanolytic Enzymes 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Bacterial Xylanolytic Enzymes 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Fungal Xylanolytic Enzymes 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Potential Biotechnological Applications 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Biorefinery 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Pulp and Paper Industry 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Biotransformation 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusions 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Cellulase from Oil Palm Biomass 221\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeong Eun Hyeon and Sung Ok Han\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Biological Pretreatment and Cellulase 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Cellulases 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Endoglucanase (1,4-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.4) 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Exocellobiohydrolase (1,4-D-glucan glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.74) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 β-Glucosidase (D-glucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.21) 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Synergistic Effect by Combination of Various Cellulases 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Cellulosome 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Artificial Cellulosome 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Industrial Strain for Cellulases Production 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Cellulases Production by Fungal Cellulase System 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Cellulases Production by Bacterial Cellulase Systems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusions 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Generation of Bioenergy 239\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Biogas Generation in the Palm Oil Mill 241\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Y. Arya, Muhammad A. Kholiq, Udin Hasanudin, and Misri Gozan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 POME Characterization 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 POME Pretreatment 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Acidified POME 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Ash Addition 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Coagulation–Flocculation 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 De-oiling 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Dissolved Air Flotation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 POME Sedimentation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7 Thermal Pretreatment 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.8 Other Pretreatments 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Digester Type 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Anaerobic Pond\/Lagoon 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Anaerobic Filtration 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Fluidized Bed Reactor 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Operating Conditions 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Substrate Characterization 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 pH and Alkalinity 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Temperature 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Other Operating Conditions 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Biogas Purification 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Biodiesel Refinery from Jatropha 265\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePenjit Srinophakun, Anusith Thanapimmetha, and Maythee Saisriyoot\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Jatropha Biodiesel 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Biodiesel Standard 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Oxidation Stability 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 The Changes of Biodiesel Properties During Long-Term Storage 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conclusions 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Bioethanol from Oil Producing Plants 287\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYu-Shen Cheng, Kittipong Rattanaporn, and Malinee Sriariyanun\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Plant Components Derived from Oil Producing Plants as the Biomass Resources 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Oil Producing Plants 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Oil Meals\/Cakes Derived from Oilseed as Lignocellulosic Biomass 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Other Lignocellulosic Residues Derived from Oil Plants 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Conversion of Oil Plant-Derived Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived from Oil Plants 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolyses 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Bioethanol Production from Oil Producing Plant 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Conclusions 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Biomass 307\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Nor A. Shaharuddin, Nurul H. Alias, Mohd A. Jenol, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Lai-Yee Phang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Oil Palm Biomass 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Biobutanol 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Biobutanol Production 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Biobutanol-Producing Bacteria 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.1 Clostridium sp. 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.2 Lactobacillus 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1.3 Escherichia coli 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Factors Affecting Biobutanol Production 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.1 Effect of Nitrogen Source 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.2 Effect of pH 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.3 Effect of Temperature 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2.4 Effect of Carbon Source 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Biomass 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Conclusions 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Biochar from Oil Palm Biomass 325\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZ. Nahrul Hayawin and Juferi Idris\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Oil Palm Biomass in Malaysia 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Oil Palm Biochar Production 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Pyrolysis 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Pyrolysis Process Parameters Affecting the Quality and Quantity of Biochar Production 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Technologies for Biochar Production 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3.1 Conventional Pyrolysis 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3.2 Microwave Pyrolysis 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Application of Biochar 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4.1 Environmental Remediation 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4.2 Agricultural Application 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4.3 Energy Purposes 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impacts in the Application of Biochar 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impact in Handling and Storing Oil palm Biomass Feedstock 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impacts in Biochar Production by Pyrolysis Process 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Biochar Utilization and Marketing 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Quality of Biochar 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Biochar 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Adsorption Capacity 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.4 Economic Analysis 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5 Major Challenges in Promoting Biochar 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5.1 Cost and Production Complications 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5.2 Environmental Factors 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5.3 Public Acceptance 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5.4 Marketability and Commercialization Issues 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusions 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Fuel Pellet from Oil Producing Plants 345\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRizal Alamsyah\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Production of Fuel Pellet 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Energy and Proximate Analysis 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Size Reduction and Screening 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Drying and Weighing 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Mixing 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Pelletizing 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.6 Cooling and Packing 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Pellet Quality 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Ash Content 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Ash Melting Temperature 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Length, Diameter, and Bulk Density 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Dust 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 Caloric Value and Moisture Content 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.6 Mechanical Durability 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.7 Nitrogen, Sulfur, Chlorine Content, and Heavy Metals 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Pilot Plant-Scale Biomass Pellet Experiment 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Gasification of Biomass Pellets to Produce Synthetic Gas (Syngas) and Emission Test 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Gasification 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 Emissions Test 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Biomass Pellet Processing Equipment 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.1 Chaff Cutter 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.2 Hammer Mill 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.3 Cyclone Dust Collector 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.4 Paddle Mixer 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.5 Pellet Machine (Pelletizer) 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.6 Cooler 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6.7 Packing Machine (Bagging Scale) 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Conclusions 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Biohydrogen from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 369\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSafa Senan Mahmod, Peer Mohamed Abdul, and Jamaliah Md. Jahim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Biohydrogen-Producing Bacteria 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Strategies to Increase Biohydrogen Production from POME 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Operating Conditions Optimization: Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Temperature on Biohydrogen Production 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1.1 Effect of Temperature 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1.2 Effect of Different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs) 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Microbial Cells Immobilization 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Roles of Additives 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusions 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Acknowledgments 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 A Glance on the Generation of Biobased Chemicals, Bioproducts and Economic Analysis of Oil Producing Plant 387\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMisri Gozan and Suraini Abd-Aziz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Generation of Biobased Chemicals 397\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Bio-oil from Tobacco Plant 399\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndre F.P. Harahap, Ahmad Fauzantoro, and Misri Gozan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Biosurfactant from Oil Producing Plant 421\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZaharah Ibrahim, Siti Halimah Hasmoni, Shafinaz Shahir, Lai-Yee Phang, Nurashikin Ihsan, and Madihah Md Salleh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Palm Catanionic Surfactant for Drug Delivery Application 445\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWen Huei Lim, Xiou Shuang Yong, Lai-Yee Phang, and Noorjahan Banu Alitheen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Glycerol and Derivatives 469\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eErliza Hambali, Rista Fitria, and Vonny I. Sari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Biovanillin from Oil Palm Biomass 493\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSuraini Abd-Aziz, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Illy Kamaliah Ramle\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Diacids from Oil Producing Plant 515\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIs Fatimah, Ganjar Fadillah, Oki Muraza, and Teuku M.I. Mahlia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Bioplastic Production from Oil Producing Plants 543\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLai-Yee Phang, Mitra Mohammadi, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Misri Gozan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Plant Oil-Based Polyurethane 563\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK. H. Badri and Amamer Redhwan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Bioresins from Oil Producing Plants 587\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMisri Gozan, Agustino Zulys, and Hosta Ardhyananta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Generation of Other Bioproducts 605\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Biocompost from Oil Producing Plants 607\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdibah Yahya, Nurshafika Abd Khalid, and Madihah Md Salleh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 Animal Feed from Oil Producing Plants 631\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSiswa Setyahadi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 Amino Acids from Oil Producing Plants 653\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHuszalina Hussin, Nurul S. Hanafi, Adriana C. Lee, Madihah Md Salleh, Shu-Cuen Sam, and Suraini Abd-Aziz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI Economics Analysis of Oil Producing Plants 673\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33 Technical and Economic Aspects of Oil Producing Plants 675\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMisri Gozan and Lai-Yee Phang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34 Economic Impact 699\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNugroho A. Sasongko and Rachmawan Budiarto\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 723\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51021171917143,"sku":"9783527348763","price":266.86,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9783527348763.jpg?v=1750785361","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/biorefinery-of-oil-producing-plants-for-value-added-products-9783527348763","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}